40029 August 21, 1996 Tech-X Corporation Continuing development of particle accelerators is necessary to assure the viability and productivity of research programs in high energy and nuclear physics, as well as in materials and chemical sciences. … More

This project will investigate and document the use of object oriented programming for analysis and design of accelerators by porting existing codes to c++ and using and enhancing an existing class of accelerator elements in a design code. specifically, the code maps will be ported to a c++ compiler… More

156 Efficient and User Friendly C++ Library for Differential Algebra--Tech-X Corporation, 4588 Pussy Willow Court, Boulder, CO 80301-5830; (303)-530-9562 Dr. Svetlana G. Shasharina, Principal Investigator Dr. John R. Cary, Business Official DOE Grant No. DE-FG03-97ER82499 Amount: … More

157 Java Clients for Analysis and Design of Accelerators and Other Systems--Tech-X Corporation, 4588 Pussy Willow Court, , Boulder, CO 80301-5830; (303) 530-9562 Dr. Svetlana G. Shasharina, Principal Investigator Dr. John R. Cary, Business Official DOE Grant No. DE-FG03-97ER82500 Amount: … More

Performance of US students in mathematics and physics has been limited, partly because the traditional pedagogy relies on logical and linguistic methods of teaching, and students are primarily assessed on fact knowledge and discrete skills. Recent achievements in computer science provide… More

A novel technique for the processing of c-dopcd Yb-Er optical fiber cladding pumped lasers will be explored. If high power at 1550 nm is desired, it is advantageous to pump a c-dopcd Yb-Er fiber laser at 915 nm where there is a broad energy absorption band for Yb.. This energy is then resonantly… More

Performance of US students in mathematics and physics has been limited, partly because the traditional pedagogy relies on logical and linguistic methods of teaching, and students are primarily assessed on fact knowledge and discrete skills. Recent achievements in computer science provide… More

Not Available Current gas turbines and turbine components utilize robust Ni-based superalloys. Harsh operating conditions such as corrosive environments and high temperatures result in superalloy fatigue and failure due in part to fractured (cracked) surfaces and subsequent oxide film growth, all… More

Not Available The synergistic design of the combustor, compressor diffuser, and turbine inlet guide vane is proposed to maintain angular momentum (swirl knietic energy) from the compressor rotor discharge while permitting bulk swirl witnin the combustor at relatively high Mach number. This… More

65213 Increasingly, scientists are developing software with geographically distributed teams. Examples include the National Transport Code Collaboration and the NIMROD collaboration. For new scientists to join such a development team, they must learn how to navigate through the system, build… More

65500 Plasma fusion experiments and simulation codes generate ever larger data sets, which must be analyzed and visualized rapidly. However, present commercial software packages for analysis and visualization of scientific data cannot effectively process terabyte or multi-gigabyte data sets,… More

65215 High energy physics data sets are currently very large and will continue to grow. In order to deliver these large data sets to the end user, event selection (or skimming, a time consuming and labor intensive stage of any experimental effort) must be performed on a remote site. This… More

65723 The premier nuclear physics accelerator facility, the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider, collides heavy ions to create conditions like those that existed a fraction of a second after the big bang. An electron cooling section will be built in two or three years as part of a planned… More

60435 The standard for object based networking is the Common Object Request Broker Architecture (CORBA). However, CORBA is not readily available for Fourth Generation Languages (4GLs) such as Visual Numerics` PV-WAVE or Research Systems` Interactive Data Language (RSI-IDL), which are… More

60781 The MAD (Modular Accelerator Design) code is the most widely used code worldwide for high-energy accelerator design but lacks a modern GUI (graphical user interface). MAD-9, the latest version, has powerful new features needed for the design of the Large Hadron Collider and the… More

60435 The standard for object based networking is the Common Object Request Broker Architecture (CORBA). However, CORBA is not readily available for Fourth Generation Languages (4GLs) such as Visual Numerics` PV-WAVE or Research Systems` Interactive Data Language (RSI-IDL), which are… More

60781 The MAD (Modular Accelerator Design) code is the most widely used code worldwide for high-energy accelerator design but lacks a modern GUI (graphical user interface). MAD-9, the latest version, has powerful new features needed for the design of the Large Hadron Collider and the… More

70407 Emerging grid technologies present a clear opportunity to provide the high energy physics (HEP) community with tools to address issues of securely sharing data and processing resources on the scale needed for present and (especially) future experiments that produce terabytes of data and… More

70796 Simulations in fusion energy research are generating large data sets at remote sites, making the visualization and analysis of these data sets difficult. Also, downloading the data to local computers can take hours over even the fastest network connections. In this project, grid… More

65213 Increasingly, scientists are developing software with geographically distributed teams. Examples include the National Transport Code Collaboration and the NIMROD collaboration. For new scientists to join such a development team, they must learn how to navigate through the system, build… More

70629 Waveguide breakdown is the limiting factor in obtaining the large acceleration gradients needed for the Next Linear Collider. Simulation of this phenomenon in three dimensions would likely enable researchers to find configurations with higher breakdown thresholds. However, because… More

70731 Within high energy physics, the laser, plasma accelerator, and plasma processing communities have a need for simulating ionization events caused by such different effects as tunneling, impact, and above-threshold ionization. This project will develop a generic, extendable, and… More

65213 Increasingly, scientists are developing software with geographically distributed teams. Examples include the National Transport Code Collaboration and the NIMROD collaboration. For new scientists to join such a development team, they must learn how to navigate through the system, build… More

We propose to provide both frequency domain and time domain capabilities for the modeling of electromagnetic (EM) waves in dielectric media with the goal of accurate modeling of omnidirectional reflectors. Omnidirectional reflectors, constructed withlayers of dielectrics, reflect electromagnetic… More

70444 The electron cloud effect is a major limiting factor in the performance of proton accelerators for heavy-ion fusion. To assure that this effect does not adversely affect performance, further study of electron effects in regimes relevant to heavy-ion fusion is needed. Computer… More

65723 The Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider at Brookhaven National Laboratory is colliding heavy ions to create conditions like those a fraction of a second after the big bang. As part of a planned luminosity upgrade, an electron cooling section may be built with fundamentally different… More

65723 The Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider at Brookhaven National Laboratory is colliding heavy ions to create conditions like those a fraction of a second after the big bang. As part of a planned luminosity upgrade, an electron cooling section may be built with fundamentally different… More

70444S02-II The electron cloud effect is a major limiting factor in the performance of proton accelerators for heavy-ion fusion. To assure that this effect does not adversely affect performance, further study of electron effects in regimes relevant to heavy-ion fusion is needed. Computer modeling… More

70629S02-II Simulations and experiments in the fusion community generate large data sets at remote sites. The visualization and analysis of these data sets is difficult because the data comes in different formats; downloading the data to local computers, over even the fastest network… More

72872S03-I High energy physics data sets are currently very large and will continue to grow. A time consuming and labor intensive stage of any experimental effort is the event selection (or skimming) that must be performed at a remote site in order to deliver reasonably sized data sets to the end… More

72158S03-I Interactions with unwanted electrons are a major limiting factor in the performance of ion accelerators. A main source of these electrons is collisions at grazing incidence between the ions and the beam pipe walls. Computer modeling could be used to examine this problem, but the codes… More

70444S02-II The electron cloud effect is a major limiting factor in the performance of proton accelerators for heavy-ion fusion. To assure that this effect does not adversely affect performance, further study of electron effects in regimes relevant to heavy-ion fusion is needed. Computer modeling… More

70796S02-II Waveguide breakdown is the limiting factor in obtaining the large acceleration gradients needed for the Next Linear Collider. Simulation of this phenomenon in three dimensions would likely enable researchers to find configurations with higher breakdown thresholds. However, because… More

70796S02-II Waveguide breakdown is the limiting factor in obtaining the large acceleration gradients needed for the Next Linear Collider. Simulation of this phenomenon in three dimensions would likely enable researchers to find configurations with higher breakdown thresholds. However, because… More

70731S02-II A key part of the high-energy physics research portfolio involves plasma-based accelerator concepts, which include various ionization processes. Because accurate models of ionization physics are needed for the simulation of such processes, this project will develop a comprehensive… More

72925S03-I One of this country's premier nuclear physics accelerator facilities is colliding heavy ions to create conditions similar to those a fraction of a second after the Big Bang. As part of a planned luminosity upgrade, an electron cooling system will be built that will have parameters and… More

70731S02-II A key part of the high-energy physics research portfolio involves plasma-based accelerator concepts, which include various ionization processes. Because accurate models of ionization physics are needed for the simulation of such processes, this project will develop a comprehensive… More

70407S02-II Emerging grid technologies present a clear opportunity to provide the high energy physics (HEP) community with tools to address issues of securely sharing data and processing resources on the scale needed for present and (especially) future experiments. Such experiments produce… More

70407S02-II Emerging grid technologies present a clear opportunity to provide the high energy physics (HEP) community with tools to address issues of securely sharing data and processing resources on the scale needed for present and (especially) future experiments. Such experiments produce… More

72625S03-I Space charge (the self-consistent interactions between particles in a beam) is suspected of adversely affecting many high-energy accelerators. However, computer codes to model circular accelerators do not presently include space charge effects. This project will implement a… More

70629S02-II Simulations and experiments in the fusion community generate large data sets at remote sites. The visualization and analysis of these data sets is difficult because the data comes in different formats; downloading the data to local computers, over even the fastest network… More

72516S03-I Traditional, linear radio frequency (RF) theory is not valid when nonlinearities play a role, such as the launch and absorption of ion Bernstein waves in fusion plasmas. Although more computationally demanding, direct numerical simulation retains more physics, including nonlinearities,… More

Plasma propulsion systems for satellites, the low-density plasma edge in fusion devices, and plasma reactors for semiconductor manufacture are all in need of a modeling and simulation capability that can effectively address electromagnetics, chargedparticle dynamics, neutral gas dynamics, and the… More

We will provide convenient and accurate time-domain modeling capabilities for electromagnetics (EM) in dielectric media with regions having oblique boundary conditions, specifically for devices exhibiting omnidirectional reflectivity. Omnidirectional reflectors, constructed with layers of… More

72872-High energy physics data sets are currently very large and will continue to grow. A time consuming and labor intensive stage of any experimental effort is the event selection (or skimming) that must be performed at a remote site in order to deliver reasonably sized data sets to the end user. … More

72158 Interactions with unwanted electrons are a major limiting factor in the performance of ion accelerators. A main source of these electrons is collisions at grazing incidence between ions and beam pipe walls. Computer modeling could be used to examine this problem, but the codes in the… More

72925 One of this country's premier nuclear physics accelerator facilities is colliding heavy ions to create conditions similar to those a fraction of a second after the Big Bang. An electron cooling system, to be built as part of a planned luminosity upgrade, will have parameters and requirements… More

72625-Space charge (the interactions between particles in a beam) is suspected of adversely affecting many high-energy accelerators. However, the accurate numerical modeling of space charge is difficult. Many of the best accelerator codes do not have accurate space charge models, and those that… More

76334-The Fusion Simulation Project aims to achieve a reliable predictive capability for fusion plasmas by integrating a set of legacy codes, each of which do a fair job of describing an isolated sub-problem. This project will enhance an existing integration framework to enable the use of… More

75780-Grid technologies provide a valuable solution for distributed scientific applications, but they are not readily available for 4th Generation Languages (4GLs), such as the widely used Interactive Data Language (IDL), AVS/Express, and MATLAB. This project will develop a set of software tools to… More

Many important aspects of Departmant of Defense (DoD) research involve systems where plasmas interact in a complex way with neutral gas, intense lasers, or other plasma species. Two reasons such complex plasma systems are difficult to simulate: (i) the orders of magnitude difference in, for examle,… More

76060-The GRETINA detector (a forerunner of the GRETA detector, the gamma ray energy tracking array, under development at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory) is used to detect gamma rays in nuclear physics experiments. GRETINA consists of Ge crystal diodes that produce currents upon impact of… More

76228-Recent experiments have shown unexpected power absorption in dielectric waveguide structures, used in High Energy Physics research. This absorbed (missing) power is thought to be related to a process called multipactor, where electrons strike the walls of the structure multiple times,… More

76058-High brightness electron beams required by the proposed Next Linear Collider demand strong advances in photocathode electron gun performance. However, significant improvement in the production of such beams with radio frequency (rf) photocathode electron guns is hampered by the lack of… More

75648-Systems for scheduling the analysis of large, remote nuclear physics datasets are being developed rapidly in many separate experiments. These separate efforts try to share implementation knowledge bases, but end up using different and non-interchangeable interfaces that require substantial… More

75647-The premier nuclear physics accelerator facility, the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC) at Brookhaven National Laboratory, is colliding heavy ions to create conditions like those a fraction of a second after the big bang. An electron cooling section is being planned as part of a… More

76055-The visualization and analysis of data generated by simulations in the fusion and plasma physics community are difficult because of the incompatibility among the multiple data formats and multiple data analysis tools. This incompatibility also makes comparison of the data difficult and the… More

76105-Laser wakefield accelerator (LWFA) concepts, characterized by ultra-high gradients and ultra-short bunch lengths, show great promise for reducing the cost and size of future high-energy electron linacs. A new non-invasive, bunch-length diagnostic is critical to continuing the rapid advances… More

75515-Magnetic fusion experiments operate with roughly 15 minutes between shots. Performance of these experiments could improve if data from one shot could be analyzed before the next, but current computer software is too slow for this between-shot analysis. This project will modify the software… More

76334S There is an increasing need to design large-scale scientific computations by combining established codes that use multiple physics models. Currently, there is no systematic way to develop and maintain these applications, which require the simultaneous use of high-performance and distributed… More

78810S Hundreds of person-years are invested in established fusion codes, providing scientists with invaluable physics insights. However, because these codes were written some time ago and include input from many scientists, they are not readily suited for modern computational environments and… More

76055S Visualization and analysis of data generated by simulations in the fusion and plasma physics communities are difficult because of the incompatibility among the multiple data formats and multiple data analysis tools. This incompatibility also makes comparison of the data difficult and the… More

76060S The GRETINA detector, used in nuclear physics research, consists of highly-segmented Ge crystal diodes that produce currents upon impact of gamma rays. The decomposition of these currents into combinations of known signals determines the number, location, and energies of the gamma ray… More

78238S Many modern computer simulations, such as those used in high energy physics research, have increasingly more realistic physics features (e.g., three-dimensionality); however, they are often more difficult to execute especially when run in parallel on a high-performance computer. This… More

78598S Nuclear physicists routinely execute data processing and data analysis jobs on a Grid and need to be able to monitor job execution at an arbitrary site at any time. Existing Grid monitoring tools provide abundant information about the whole system, but are geared towards production jobs and… More

75647S The premier nuclear physics accelerator facility, the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC) at Brookhaven National Laboratory, is colliding heavy ions to create conditions like those a fraction of a second after the big bang. An electron cooling section is being planned as part of a… More

76105S Laser wakefield accelerator (LWFA) concepts, characterized by ultra-high gradients and ultra-short bunch lengths, show great promise for reducing the cost and size of future high-energy electron linacs. A new non-invasive, bunch-length diagnostic is critical to continuing the rapid advances… More

Many mission critical applications are required to meet high degrees of simultaneous dependability and predictability requirements. The OMG's Fault-tolerant (FT) CORBA and Real-time (RT) CORBA help developers to manage applications' dependability and predictability requirements in isolation. It is… More

78764S Superconducting radio frequency (RF) accelerator cavities lose power to stray electrons, especially when the electron motion is in resonance with the fields and the electrons strike the cavity surface repeatedly (multipacting). One of the main tools for studying multipacting is numerical… More

79298S A proposed next-generation facility to accelerate and collide rare isotopes of heavy elements for basic research into nuclear physics and astrophysics has become a high priority for the DOE. Present ion sources, based on electron cyclotron resonance techniques, cannot produce the necessary… More

79653S To process the vast amount of data from high energy physics experiments, physicists are developing programs that use the Computing Grid for their computational resources. Although many data analysis codes exist, and many more are being developed, the distribution, installation, and updating… More

78957S The overload of sensor data and related analyses demand the development of distributed systems for management of associated metadata on a semantic level that enable efficient decision making. Although significant advancements have been made in emerging semantic technologies, a critical… More

The Interactive Data Language (IDL) is a standard tool used by many researchers in observational fields. Present day Sun-Earch Connection missions like RHESSI or SOHO, or future missions, including the Solar Dynamics (SDO) almost exclusively analyze their data in IDL. However, the increasing amount… More

Hundreds of person-years are invested in established fusion codes, providing scientists with invaluable physics insights. Many of these codes are being and will be used in integrated modeling efforts required for the successful operation of the International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor… More

Nuclear physicists routinely execute data processing and data analysis jobs on a Grid and need to be able to monitor job execution at an arbitrary site at any time. Existing Grid monitoring tools provide abundant information about the whole system, but are geared towards production jobs and are… More

To process the vast amount of data from high energy physics experiments, physicists rely on Computational and Data Grids; yet, the distribution, installation, and updating of a myriad of di¿erent versions of di¿erent programs over the Grid environment is complicated, time-consuming, and… More

The overload of sensor data and related analyses demand the development of a distributed system for managing associated semantic metadata, in order to enable e¿cient decision making. Although significant advancements have been made in emerging semantic technologies, a critical missing piece is… More

Superconducting radio frequency (SRF) accelerator cavities lose power to stray electrons, especially when the electron motion is in resonance with the fields and the electrons strike the cavity surface repeatedly (multipacting). One of the main tools for studying multipacting is numerical… More

Substantially higher beam currents and luminosities must be achieved to continue fundamental advances in experimental nuclear physics and astrophysics research. Present heavy ion beam injectors, based on electron cyclotron resonance (ECR) techniques, must be optimized to produce the necessary beam… More

The Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC) contributes fundamental advances to nuclear physics by colliding a wide range of ions. A novel electron cooling section, a key component of the proposed luminosity upgrade for RHIC, requires the acceleration of high-charge electron bunches with low… More

The Interactive Data Language (IDL) is a standard tool used by many researchers in observational fields. Present day Sun-Earth Connection missions like SOHO, or future missions, including the Solar Dynamics (SDO) almost exclusively analyze their data in IDL. However, the increasing amount of data… More

Upgrades to DOE Nuclear Physics Accelerators, such as the 12 GeV upgrade program at Jefferson Laboratory, require design and computer modeling of continuous wave radio frequency (RF) sources, such as klystrons and inductive output tubes (IOTs), with good efficiency over a range of output powers. … More

Inertial fusion seeks to produce fusion reactions by creating plasmas of extremely high density and using inertia to contain momentarily the extreme pressure generated by the fusion burning plasma. Simulation is the main tool for understanding High Energy Density Physics (HEDP), but all current… More

Laser-plasma interactions recently have been used to accelerate ~1 nC electron bunches to ~100 MeV over ~3 mm with ~5% energy spread. This result demonstrates the potential for reducing the size and cost of future high-energy accelerators by orders of magnitude. Massively parallel,… More

Emerging hardware architectures offer attractive performance opportunities for those software applications that are able to exploit them. However, many scientific codes written over the last decade require an intensive porting effort in order to take advantage of new hardware architectures. … More

The next-generation particle accelerator for nuclear physics research, required to continue making fundamental advances in this important field, likely will include collisions of high-energy ions with intense electron beams. A promising candidate for the cost-efficient acceleration of high-charge… More

DOE laboratories need faster, more flexible controllers for real time feedback and data acquisition applications, especially in the era of the International Linear Collider. Systems based on Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs) have the potential to enable such high performance controller modules,… More

Modern accelerator designs include superconducting radio frequency (RF) cavities. Scientists use computer modeling to understand accelerators, but it is difficult to include sufficiently accurate models of superconducting RF cavities, especially models that include cavity misalignment. This… More

To efficiently use leadership-class supercomputers with thousands of processors, such as the Department of Energy's BlueGene/L or Seaborg, developers of parallel applications need to understand the communication behavior in their applications. Therefore, tools are required to measure communication… More

We propose to identify, prototype and test a conformal boundary algorithm for use in finite-difference electromagnetic particle-in-cell codes. The algorithm that is selected will be 2nd order accurate and have a minimum reduction in the Courant time step. The prototype will implemented in the… More

Tech-X Corporation proposes to develop a discovery framework called WANDS for the OMG DDS publish/subscribe middleware. The WANDS framework fills an important gap in realizing DoD's goal of information dominance by enabling the use of emerging quality of service (QoS)-enabled publish/subscribe… More

Critical to the US fusion program is the ability to assess the efficacy of radio frequency (RF) heating and current drive in fusion plasmas. At present, the primary means of assessment is through use of full-wave codes, which assume linearity and quasi-local plasma response. Still needed are… More

An important future light source for the Department of Energy is the planned upgrade of the Advanced Photon Source (APS) at Argonne National Laboratory. The APS upgrade will use short electron bunches and deflecting crab cavities to create a one picosecond X-Ray photon source. A main tool in… More

Fully electromagnetic Particle-in-Cell (PIC) simulation, with high spatial resolution over slow time scales, is needed to model phenomena ranging from the propagation of particle beams in accelerators to the radio frequency (RF) current drive in fusion plasmas. This simulation requires an implicit… More

As more Virtual Organizations (VOs) are joining the Grid, role-based privilege control has become a required feature for maintaining security. Although modern Grid middleware is beginning to develop and deploy services that support role-based authorization, it is not yet standardized. Moreover,… More

Next-generation particle accelerators for nuclear physics research likely will include collisions of high-energy ions with intense electron beams. Although the use of polarized beams will be essential to the physics experiments conducted in these accelerators, the accompanying large beam… More

In Nuclear Physics experiments, methods and codes are needed to model the electrical signals generated by the gamma ray detector arrays to the higher precision required by new and/or upcoming gamma ray detectors. Localizing the gamma ray interaction is an inverse problem, and the spatial precision… More

Grid technologies provide a valuable solution for data intensive scientific applications but are not readily available for astronomical data and Interactive Data Language (IDL) widely used in astronomy. There is a need for tools allowing IDL and astronomical data to interoperate with Grids. … More

Petascale supercomputers offer the computational power to make significant progress toward the DoE¿s most complex electromagnetic problems. Existing simulation tools have to be carefully tuned to take advantage of the high degree of concurrency offered by these systems. This project will… More

Extended magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) codes are used to model the large, slow-growing instabilities that are projected to limit the performance of the International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor (ITER). The multiscale nature of the extended MHD equations requires an implicit approach. However,… More

An increasing fraction of the data generated in Nuclear and High-Energy Physics (HENP) is managed in distributed and relational databases. As the size of this data grows and the collaborative nature of HENP experiments increases, the remote, efficient, and user-friendly access these… More

Laser-plasma acceleration of electrons, characterized by ultra-high gradients, has shown promise for reducing the cost and size of next-generation electron linacs. For example, GeV electron bunches have been obtained in a 3 cm plasma channel, suggesting the possibility of demonstrating 10 and even… More

Future neutrino experiments will require neutrino beam intensities beyond the capabilities of today¿s sources. However, breakdown of the accelerating cavities is expected to limit the performance of any proposed beam system. This project will investigate the breakdown of the metallic structures… More

Fusion experiments such as ITER depend on high power CW gyrotrons to deliver power to the plasma at Electron Cyclotron Resonance (ECR) frequencies. For example, the DIII-D experiment utilizes six 1 MW 110 GHz CPI gyrotrons. However, gyrotrons can suffer from undesirable low frequency oscillations… More

Many mission critical applications are required to meet high degrees of depend- ability and predictability requirements simultaneously. It is still not possible to use CORBA to manage applications' FT and RT properties in unison due to con- tradicting strategies in the support mechanisms. The… More

The Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC) contributes fundamental advances to nuclear physics by colliding a wide range of ions. A novel electron cooling section, a key component of the proposed RHIC luminosity upgrade, requires the acceleration of high-charge electron bunches with low emittance… More

We propose to build upon the conformal boundary models that currently exist in the VORPAL plasma simulation framework for both the electromagnetic and particle-in-cell (PIC) models in code. These improvements will include 2nd order accurate conformal boundary models for the electromagnetics with… More

Modern accelerator designs include superconducting radio frequency (RF) cavities. Although scientists use computer modeling to understand accelerators, it is difficult to achieve sufficiently accurate models of superconducting RF cavities, especially models that include cavity misalignment. This… More

The next-generation particle accelerator for nuclear physics research likely will involve high-energy electron-ion collisions. A promising candidate for the cost-efficient acceleration of high-charge electron bunches is the non-scaling fixed-field alternating gradient (FFAG) synchrotron. Existing… More

This proposal presents an innovative concept and a novel approach to achieve topic solution. The innovative concept is known as the Next Generation Troop Seat (NGTS). It is a semi-rigid foam and fabric seat which achieves its capabilities through the integration of a Dynamic Structural Beam (DSB).… More

We propose to develop a tool for NASA researchers based on IDL and DAP for user-friendly remote data access. A popular data analysis tool in the NASA research community is IDL (Interactive Data Language). A main limitation presently on performing data analysis with IDL for NASA researchers is that… More

Scientists need to be able to quickly develop and run parallel simulations without paying the high price of writing low-level message passing codes using compiled languages such as C/C++/Fortran. This is especially true of students and researchers who are expert scientists in their field but don't… More

Many scientists have the common need of visualizing data in a collaborative and interactive manner. In a modern environment, these data are often stored across a widely distributed network and the researchers themselves are just as often separated by large geographical distances. Traditional… More

The ability to assess the efficacy of radiofrequency heating and current drive in fusion plasmas is critical to the US fusion program. At present, the primary means of assessment is through use of full wave codes that assume linearity and quasi-local plasma response. Needed are computational methods… More

Petascale supercomputers offer the computational power to make significant progress in DOE¿s most complex electromagnetic problems. Existing simulation tools have to be carefully tuned to take advantage of the high degree of concurrency offered by these systems. This project will optimize a… More

Although modern Grid middleware is beginning to support role-based authorization, there is an information disconnect in existing mechanisms between Virtual Organizations (VOs) and site authorization control. This disconnect prevents privilege policies de¿ned by VOs from propagating to Grid sites… More

Traditional tools for developing accelerator control systems do not scale for control systems of next-generation large-scale accelerators, such as the new International Linear Collider (ILC). Such systems consist of many sub-accelerators, actuators, sensors, and operation teams. A paradigm is needed… More

The modeling of electron cloud e¿ects is important for accelerator projects such as the ILC damping ring and the Fermilab main injector. In the case of the Fer¬milab main injector, electron cloud e¿ects are expected to play a signi¿cant role when the main injector operates in the regime… More

High energy physics experiments store petabytes of data in ROOT files described with TAG metadata. These experiments have challenging goals for efficient access to this data which have not yet been met. Physicists need to be able to compose a TAG metadata query and rapidly retrieve the set of… More

Electron clouds in accelerators such as the International Linear Collider (ILC) degrade beam quality and limit operating efficiency. The need to mitigate electron clouds has a direct impact on the design and operation of these accelerators, translating into increased cost and reduced performance.… More

Intense muon beams will be essential to both high-energy and medium-energy physics programs at national laboratories. While inverse cy¬clotrons are a promising alternative to more expensive methods of cooling muon beams, their ability to cool intense muon beams is untested. During the initial… More

An increasing fraction of the data generated in Nuclear and High-Energy Physics (HENP) is managed in distributed and relational databases. As the size of this data grows and the collaborative nature of HENP experiments increases, the ability to access di¿erently organized relational databases… More

Future neutrino experiments will require neutrino beam intensities beyond the capabilities of today's sources. These experiments will require high-energy neutrinos from muon decay. The muons need to be cooled, and, in order to reduce costs, the number of cooling elements should minimized. However,… More

Gamma ray detectors are widely used devices in nuclear physics research. The GRETINA gamma ray detector signi¿cantly improves upon existing technologies like Gammasphere due to its novel segmentation design, however much work is needed in order to maximize its full capabilities. In particular,… More

Design, analysis, and computer modeling of hardware for nuclear physics accelerators is a complex process, usually involving different software for different physical aspects of the same hardware. For example, the electromagnetic modeling of RF sources, waveguides, couplers, and cavities is handled… More

One of the major limits on luminosity in a colliding-beam storage ring comes from the effects due to collisions with the opposing beam. Simulating these effects with high fidelity will enable existing colliders, such as Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC), to deliver higher luminosity and guide… More

The analysis of petascale data from climate models raises a number of new challenges. One involves the development of alternatives to models based on longitude-latitude grids, which exhibit a singularity at the north and south poles. These grid singularities can cause numerical instabilities and… More

Integrated simulations of the components of fusion systems are becoming a reality and form a foundation of full fusion device modeling. Unfortunately, current simulation tools lack user-friendly configuration methods to set global options, configure components, specify inputs and outputs, impose… More

The electron cooler for the proposed luminosity upgrade of the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC) represents a significant design challenge due to the high energy of the ion beam. An exciting concept known as ¿coherent¿ electron cooling (CEC) combines the best features of electron cooling… More

Today, higher-order polynomials are being employed more frequently in finite element discretizations, used in the simulation of previ¬ously intractable problems of importance to the DOE. The use of higher-order polynomials creates new challenges in efficiently solving the corresponding finite… More

Demand for neutron beams at the Spallation Neutron Source (SNS) has exceeded expectations, resulting in a strong incentive to proceed rapidly with a planned facility expansion. In order to maximize the usage of these neutron beams, an easy-to-use portal access to DOE computing facilities must be… More

We propose to enable user-friendly interaction with multi-processor and multi-core resources,allowing users to seamlessly retrieve remote data with DAP and take advantage of parallelcomputing resources for analyzing that data. Where possible, we plan to make these featuresavailable in the… More

NASA spends considerable effort supporting the efforts of collaborating researchers. These researchers are interested in interacting with scientific models provided by NASA and they are located throughout the world. The process of distributing legacy research codes to this disparate group of… More

Configuring the 3D geometry and physics of large scale parallel physics simulations is increasingly complex. Given the investment in time and effort to run these codes, it is crucial that setting up the simulation is done accurately and that rapid iterative cycles of reconfiguring are efficient. … More

Hall thrusters are being considered for many space missions because their high specific impulse delivers a larger payload mass fraction than chemical rockets. With a low thrust, however, Hall thrusters need to operate for a long period of time to achieve the necessary of the mission. For these… More

Satellite observations of the Earth often contain excessive noise and extensive data voids. Aerosol measurements, for instance, are obscured and contaminated by clouds, possible only on the sunlit side of the globe, and difficult over bright land areas. We propose to explore new filtering and data… More

Optical-scale photonic crystal waveguides have great potential for future high-energy colliders, due to their ability to sustain high field gradients with low loss. As sources, these waveguides use near-infrared lasers that are powerful, efficient, and commercially available. Through simulation,… More

In the beam transport and manipulation systems of accelerator-based light sources at DOE user facilities, phenomena such as coherent synchrotron radiation (CSR) and CSR-driven micro-bunching instability can cause a rapid and irreversible degradation of electron beam quality. For that reason, there… More

The DOE has a large investment in accelerator-based light sources for scientific discovery. For these systems, the short-range wake fields, which are generated by electron bunches traveling through the cavities, are of critical importance. These short-range wake fields are a significant component… More

The DOE Office of Basic Energy Sciences (BES) plans to construct and operate a two-solenoid, low-energy beam transport (LEBT) system for 60 mA H- beams. The system is to include RF chopping. The motivation is to increase the total beam power of the Spallation Neutron Source (SNS) to 2¿3 MW by… More

The development process for new superconducting RF (SRF) cavity designs is time consuming and expensive. The cost to manufacture physical prototypes is high and money and time is wasted if the design does not perform to expectations. This situation presents an opportunity for computer simulation… More

Data processing is becoming an integral part of modern experiments and should operate with the timeliness and quality necessary to each project. Consequently, there is a need for a customizable, resource-aware, and dynamic mechanism for the automatic dissemination of quality assurance data to the… More

Determining the scattering properties of small boats on a rough sea surface is a problem of high importance to the Navy. The resulting simulations require large amounts of compute time and mechanisms are sought to accelerate them. The demand for highly realistic graphics has pushed graphics… More

Software is currently being developed to support the comprehensive full-device modeling needed for the successful operation of ITER. For this software to become a productive tool, a user-friendly interface will be needed to facilitate the configuration of components, to set up integrated… More

Hundreds of millions of dollars have been committed toward the study of complex natural phenomena on today¿s massively parallel computers. Access to such computing power is enabling scientists to employ highly-accurate high-order finite element methods to solve previously intractable problems. … More

The future electron-ion collider will have an ion luminosity that is orders-of-magnitude higher than current systems. This high luminosity will require cooling of the ion beam. An exciting concept known as ¿coherent¿ electron cooling (CEC) combines the best features of electron cooling and… More

Electron cloud generation is one of the most scientifically important effects relating to the dynamics of particle beams. The build up of an electron cloud is a potentially limiting factor in the per­formance of high-intensity electron and proton machines. However, electron cloud simulation… More

The continuous effort to improve global warming predictions has led numerous computer climate models to abandon longitude-latitude grids in favor of assemblies of structured meshes. However, these novel ¿Mosaic¿ grids exhibit complex folding patterns, which are posing severe problems to… More

Intense muon beams are sought for their role in the future of both the high-energy and medium-energy physics programs at national laboratories, such as Brookhaven and Fermilab. Inverse cy­clotrons are a promising alternative to more expensive methods of cooling muon beams, but their ability to… More

The design, analysis, and computer modeling of hardware for nuclear physics accelerators is a complex process, usually involving different software for different physical aspects of the same hardware. For example, electromagnetic modeling of RF sources, waveguides, couplers, and cavities is handled… More

Neutron scientists using large-scale neutron facilities, such as the Spallation Neutron Source (SNS) located at Oak Ridge National Laboratory, want to be prepared when they arrive at the facility, but virtual experiment capabilities are not sufficient for proper planning. This project will extend… More

Traditional frameworks for the development of accelerator control systems do not scale for the control of next-generation large ­scale accelerators, which will consist of many sub-accelerators and operation teams. This project will develop a reference Service-Oriented Architecture (SOA) that… More

For the ITER fusion demonstration, a requirement exists to develop more realistic and reliable simulations of the response of the local thermal wall load to fusion alpha particles, before the wall design is finalized. The concern is that current simulations might underestimate the local wall load. … More

Numerical simulations, needed for design and operation of new fusion devices such as ITER, play a critical role in the exploration of new experimental regimes. These simulations must be carefully validated against existing experiments. Synthetic diagnostics, the generation of data that can be… More

In the magneto-inertial fusion approach based on laser-driven magnetic-ux compression, an imploding target traps and amplifies a pre-seeded magnetic ux. The extremely high magnetic field created by the implosion reduces thermal-conduction losses in the hot spot and enhances alpha energy deposition,… More

Los Alamos National Lab is currently developing an experiment to investigate the use of plasma jets to implode magnetized targets in what is called magneto-inertial fusion (MIF). In a typical MIF scheme, a solid liner is imploded around a magnetized target, an approach that requires placing the… More

Among the most challenging problems in computational physics are elliptic equations with vastly different spatial and temporal scales. The block structured Adaptive Mesh Refinement (AMR) technique is particularly amenable to such problems, as it combines the benefits of ¿classical¿ finite… More

The DOE's Office of Fusion Energy Sciences (OFES) has spent tens of millions of dollars developing simulation tools that assist in understanding the requirements for stable and sustained fusion. However, the main magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) OFES simulation tools use methods that have numerical… More

Laser-plasma acceleration of electrons, which is characterized by ultra-high gradients, offers the promise of reducing the cost and size of next-generation electron linacs. Simulations have played a key role in understanding this phenomenon, but more than a million processor hours are required to… More

High-gradient RF cavities operating in strong external magnetic fields are required for efficient and cost-effective muon ionization cooling for neutrino factories and muon colliders. However, it has been observed that the strong external magnetic fields degrade the maximum achievable gradient of… More

The successful design and operation of accelerating structures depends on understanding how particles excite extraneous signals (wake fields) as they pass through the structures. The wake fields are a complicated superposition of hundreds to sometimes thousands of oscillating electromagnetic… More

The electron cooler for the proposed luminosity upgrade of the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC) represents a significant design challenge due to the high energy of the ion beam. If the cooling calculations are off by a factor of two, the cooling may not be sufficient to combat emittance… More

We propose to develop a commercial weakly ionized plasma modeling capability based off of Tech-X's high energy density plasma fluid code TxFluids. The new additions will be able to be used to model hypersonic vehicle physics including shock waves, plasma chemistry and innovative techniques for… More

Satellite observations of the Earth often contain excessive noise and extensive data voids. Aerosol measurements, for instance, are obscured and contaminated by clouds, possible only on the sunlit side of the globe, and difficult over bright land areas. We propose to extend filtering and data… More

Computational tools that accurately predict the performance of electric propulsion devices are highly desirable by NASA and the broader electric propulsion community. Large investments in running the long duration test programs (> 20 kHrs) at NASA GRC can be reduced with computer models and allow… More

Tech-X proposes to develop a comprehensive Fortran testing and refactoring infrastructure that allows developers and scientists to leverage the benefits of a comprehensive Integrated Developer Environment (IDE). An intriguing aspect of the infrastructure is the integration of performance… More

Current and future NASA missions are confronted with the challenge that the amount of data collected by its sensors significantly outpaces the down-link bandwidth. As a consequence, initial data reduction has to occur on-board, using algorithms sophisticated enough to sufficiently reduce the amount… More

Traditional approaches for active flow separation control using dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) plasma actuators are limited to relatively low-speed flows and atmospheric conditions. It results in low feasibility of the DBDs for aerospace applications, such as active flow control at turbine… More

Determining the scattering properties of small boats on a rough sea surface is a problem of high importance to the Navy. Due to the conducting nature of the surrounding water, the scattering signature of the boat cannot be determined just from a geometrical model in vacuum, but requires the… More

Software for rapid image processing and 3D tomography reconstruction is needed for large-scale neutron and x-ray facilities such as the Spallation Neutron Source (SNS) and High Flux Isotope Reactor (HFIR) located at Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) and the Advanced Photon Source (APS) located at… More

The Advanced Photon Source (APS) at Argonne National Laboratory (ANL) is a third-generation, high-brightness, 7 GeV storage-ring-based x-ray light sources that has been in operation since 1996. Several possible long-term upgrades to the APS are investigated at Argonne, including an ERL-based upgrade… More

ITER is an important next step for the worldwide fusion community and an important program for the U.S. Department of Energy. For this reason, it was listed as the highest priority in the twenty-year outlook of DOE facilities. The success of ITER requires that the facility is optimally used to reach… More

The Oak Ridge National Laboratory ion source group will construct and operate a two-solenoid low-energy beam transport (LEBT) system for 60 mA H- beams, including rf chopping. This could increase the beam current in the Spallation Neutron Source (SNS), while eliminating the sparking problems of the… More

Coherent electron cooling (CeC) is an innovative concept for orders-of-magnitude increase in the luminosity of high-intensity relativistic hadron beams, which could dramatically increase the scientific productivity of the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC) and may be the only viable approach to… More

Data processing is becoming an integral part of modern experiments and should operate with the timeliness and reliability appropriate to each project. There is a need for a customizable, resource-aware and dynamic mechanism allowing for automatic dissemination of the quality assurance data to the… More

Los Alamos National Lab has a new experiment for modeling plasma jet merging and liner formation where the long term application would be the use of plasma jets for imploding magnetized targets for fusion energy. The physics of this experiment is extremely complicated stretching from the regime of… More

ITER will depend on high power CW gyrotrons to deliver power to the plasma at ECR frequencies. However, gyrotrons can suffer from undesirable low frequency oscillations (LFO

Although powerful, the Grid has not provided the level of service needed for their ef

It is often found that seemingly distinct computational codes in

The BELLA project at LBNL seeks to develop ~10 GeV laser-plasma accelerator stages that will produce ultra-short, low-divergence ~1 nC electron bunches, total energy spread of ~1% and slice energy spread of ~0.1%. A beam of sufficient brightness for collider applications can be used to drive a free… More

Beamlines at new light sources, such as the National Synchrotron Light Source II (NSLS II) will operate at

Computer simulations of physical phenomena in nuclear fusion, combustion, climate science, and hydrodynamics often rely on advancing parabolic/heat-like equations implicitly in time. The multi-grid method, which has been shown to scale to 10,000 or more processes, is widely regarded as one of the… More

Global temperatures are predicted to rise by 2 to 5

Numerical simulations play a critical role in exploration of new experimental regimes needed for design and operation of new fusion devices such as ITER. Hence, simulations must be carefully validated against experiments. Validation of fusion codes is overly difficult due to incompatibilities of… More

A main priority for the Office of High Energy Physics is the development of advanced accel

To elucidate the mysterious origins of nuclear spin, the Nuclear Science Advisory Committee (NSAC) has identi

In development of next generation accelerator facility, it is in high demand to accurately and conve

The Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC) in the Brookhaven National Lab (BNL) contributes fundamental advances to nuclear physics by colliding a wide range of ions. A novel electron cool

Traditional approaches for active flow separation control using dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) plasma actuators are limited to relatively low-speed flows and atmospheric conditions. It results in low feasibility of the DBDs for aerospace applications, such as active flow control at turbine… More

Tech-X proposes to develop a comprehensive Fortran testing and refactoring infrastructure that allows developers and scientists to leverage the benefits of comprehensive Integrated Developer Environment(IDE) tools. An intriguing aspect of the infrastructure is the integration of performance… More

Electrodynamic tethers are optimally suited for use in Low-Earth-Orbit (LEO) to generate thrust or drag maneuver satellites. LEO region is polluted with space debris from the left over of rockets and abandoned satellites. It becomes important to clean them, i.e., de-orbit and ED tethers are… More

Computational tools that accurately predict the performance of electric propulsiondevices are highly desirable and beneficial to NASA and the broader electric propulsioncommunity. The current state-of-the-art in electric propulsion modeling relies heavily onempirical data and on numerous… More

Hall thrusters are being considered for many space missions because their high specific impulse delivers a larger payload mass fraction than chemical rockets. With a low thrust, however, Hall thrusters need to operate for a long period of time to achieve the necessary velocity of the mission. For… More

Instruments flown on board NASA missions often do not measure quantitiesof interest to scientists directly, but rather observable quantities. In addition,instruments often introduce artifacts into the data and techniques are needed toremove them. In both cases, scientifically relevant information… More

High-brightness x-ray sources are essential tools of scientific discovery in a wide variety of fields, including biology, chemistry, and materials science. These sources rely on high-energy electron beams to generate x-rays, traditionally requiring large, expensive synchrotron facilities. Laser… More

The successful operation of the Department of Energy (DOE) X-ray light sources, free electron laser (FEL), and linear accelerator facilities depends on providing reliable photocathodes for generation of low emittance, high-brightness electron beams using conventional lasers. Experiments on… More

In support of the primary mission of user facilities operated by BES under the Department of Energy for producing data for users in support of open science and basic research, a system enabling live data streaming, processing, visualization, and storage of data is proposed for real-time analysis and… More

There has been ongoing work in US and Europe to develop commercial laser ignition systems for natural gas and gasoline engines. Most of the effort has been directed towards demonstrating the benefit of laser ignition in static combustion chamber or single cylinder engines. To develop a reliable… More

The P5 subpanel of HEPAP has identified the energy, intensity and cosmic frontiers as key themes for the next ten years of particle physics research. The intensity frontier is defined by use of intense particle beams to advance neutrino physics and to observe rare processes outside the standard… More

VisIt, a visualization tool used by scientific codes (VORPAL, CHOMBO, etc.) in plasma physics, astrophysics, electromagnetic wave and climate modeling, is the premier visualization tool funded by DoE. VisIt runs on leadership class facilities and is capable of handling extremely large datasets.… More

The Nuclear Physics program supports a broad range of activities aimed at research and development related to the science, engineering, and technology of heavy-ion, electron, and proton accelerators and associated systems. This proposal is aimed at research into high-integrated-voltage… More

The Facility for Rare Isotope Beams (FRIB) will be a 600 million dollar national user facility operated by Michigan State University providing facility users with intense rare-isotope beams for a wide variety of applications. Converting intense low-energy ion beams from fast ion beams into… More

National and international class magnetic fusion energy experiments, including DIII-D, C-Mod, NSTX, and ITER, all rely on RF heating as a principal means of achieving the requisite high temperature plasma. In these experiments, the RF power must first pass through the lower density, lower… More

ITER will depend on high power CW gyrotrons to deliver power to the plasma at ECR frequencies. However, gyrotrons can suffer from undesirable low frequency oscillations (LFOs) which are known to interfere with the gun-region diagnostics and data collection, and are also expected to produce… More

The BELLA project at LBNL seeks to develop ~10 GeV laser-plasma accelerator stages that will produce ultra-short, low-divergence electron bunches with energy spread of ~1%, slice energy spread of ~0.1%. A beam of sufficient brightness for collider applications can be used to drive a free electron… More

To elucidate the mysterious origins of nuclear spin, the Nuclear Science Advisory Committee (NSAC) has identied the science of electron-ion colliders, and specically the proposed polarized electron and ion collider, as absolutely central to U.S. science. These machines, estimated to cost as much as… More

It is often found that seemingly distinct, scientic codes in elds such as biology, engineering, and physics are faced with the same computational problemthey require the solution of sparse-linear systems arising from the discretization of elliptic and/or parabolic partial dierential equations. This… More

The Advanced Photon Source (APS) at Argonne National Laboratory (ANL) is a third-generation, high-brightness, 7 GeV storage-ring-based x-ray light source. At present, Argonne is pursuing an APS upgrade project known as the APS Renewal, aiming at improvements through upgrades of beamline optics,… More

ABSTRACT: Tracking of objects orbiting the Earth is of critical importance for continued safe development and use of space. Particularly important are low Earth orbit (LEO) objects, since these make up the majority of objects in the space catalog. To track these LEO objects, accurate models of the… More

Multipaction is known issue with radio frequency components used in satellite systems like diplexers. The mitigation of this multipaction is an important step in the design and development process for these components. Numerical simulation can play an important role in testing current mitigation… More

ABSTRACT: Tech-X Corporation in partnership with the University of Washington will develop a commercial tool for modeling multi-fluid and single fluid plasmas including the ability to model problems using unstructured grids. An oracle will be developed to inform the user of the validity of plasma… More

ABSTRACT: Strongly coupled plasmas are important to the Air Force for emerging applications including plasma opening switches, quantum information systems, ionospheric plasmas related to atmospheric explosions, and micro-plasma devices. Traditionally, researchers have used modeling and simulation… More

As the computer industry moves toward multi-core, many-core and Graphical Processing Unit (GPU)-based architectures, traditional serial software can no longer make optimal use of a computer"s processing power. Instead, applications now need to be parallelized to take full advantage of modern… More

ABSTRACT: During this work Tech-X Corporation in partnership with George Washington University will develop a tool (Nautilus) for modeling weakly ionized plasmas. Specific tasks of this project include development of a reacting multi-fluid electrostatic code to complement the electromagnetic… More

An integral component of many NASA missions involves remote sensing of the environment, both terrestrial and celestial. This is a challenging problem, since quantities of interest typically can not be directly measured but instead must be inferred. These inferences are made by solving inverse… More

Active flow control using dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) plasma actuators is an attractive option for both reduction of complexity of aircraft systems required for off-cruise operation and increasing reliability of future hypersonic vehicles. However, development of DBD plasma actuators has been… More

The successful operation of the Department of Energy X-ray light sources, free electron laser, and linear accelerator facilities depends on providing reliable photocathodes for generation of low emittance, high-brightness electron beams using conventional lasers. Experiments on GaAs-based… More

Bottlenecks for instrument scientists currently lie in computational and data workflow complexities, and a lack of tools that allow real-time refinement to occur while samples are still in the instrument. Using the Genetic Algorithm Driven Decision Support System (GADDSS) the instrument user can… More

Advanced visualization has become a ubiquitous tool in science, as a way to accelerate discovery and as a productivity tool for debugging scientific software. Unfortunately, visualization tools presently lack the ability to represent edge-centered, face-centered and other types of staggered data,… More

Millions of dollars have been spent on the development of numerical software libraries within the Departement of Energy. While they are used extensively in academia and government, their adoption into industrial codes is less prevalent. The cutting ede capabilities offered by these packages,… More

The successful operation of the Department of Energy (DOE) next generation X-ray light sources, free electron laser (FEL), and accelerator facilities depends on developing reliable photo- cathodes with long lifetime for production of low emittance, high-brightness, high-average current… More

It is a priority of the DOE Office of Basic Energy Sciences to upgrade present free-electron laser (FEL) facilities, such as the Linac Coherent Light Source, and to develop fundamentally new FEL concepts. Simulation will play an essential role. The codes GENESIS and GINGER accurately model present… More

Dielectric laser-driven accelerators have great potential for future high-energy colliders due to their ability to sustain high field gradients with low loss, using as sources near-infrared lasers which are powerful, efficient, and commercially available. Several designs exist which have been shown… More

Antennas optimized for free space environments often have sub-optimal performance when placed in an in-situ environment. Nearby structures can alter the radiation pattern of the antenna or conversely the antenna can alter the radiation pattern of nearby antenna. In either case, there is a need to… More