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The conventional process for making dry tetrahydrofuran is very energy intensive because of the need for azeotropic distillation. Substituting distillation by membrane drying can reduce the energy consumption for heating by a factor of 50. A membrane based process for purifying tetrahydrofuran with 98% less energy consumption than with a conventional azeotropic distillation process has been demons ...

There continues to be a need for production of fuel-grade ethanol from renewable sources. Ethanol from agricultural sources has many advantages including development of fuel independence. While there continues to be a significant need for ethanol, the cost of agricultural based ethanol is quite severe although existing and new legislation provides significant incentives for its use. This program ...

Bio-oil is a liquid fuel made from biomass such as wood chips and low grade wood byproducts by fast pyrolysis process. Presence of carboxylic acids in raw-bio-oil makes the bio-oil very acidic and corrosive. Raw bio-oil has low heating value primarily because of its high water content (up to 35 %). Oligomerization aldehydes and other compounds with an unsaturated carbon bond in raw bio-oil resu ...

A major limiting factor to organic photovoltaic (OPV) solar cell efficiency is exciton diffusion and charge transport, which depend in turn on carrier mobility and the E-fields created internally by the device materials and structure. Versatilis proposes a novel approach to enabling the better OPV cells from leading OPV makers to reach >10% efficiencies, whether

THE ANALYSIS OF AEROBALLISTIC RANGE DATA IS A TEDIOUS AND TECHNICALLY CHALLENGING TASK. THE SOPHISTICATED ANALYSIS PROCEDURES AND REQUIRED SOFTWARE (COMPUTER PROGRAMS) HAVE BEEN REFINED EXTENSIVELY DURING THE PAST FIFTEEN TO TWENTY YEARS WITH THE ADDITION OF THE SIX-DEGREE-OF-FREEDOM CODES EMPLOYING THE MAXIMUM LIKELIHOOD METHOD. THE REQUIRED PROFICIENCY TAKES BETWEEN THREE AND FIVE YEARS UNDER TH ...