Award Data

75422B The increase of atmospheric CO2 from fossil fuel combustion is a major contributor to global warming and climate change. Improved measurement technology for directly determining the exchange fluxes of the stable isotopes of CO2 is crucial to understanding the natural carbon cycle, which transforms atmospheric CO2 into biological carbon, and to develop strategies to mitigate the problem. ...

75716S Aerosol particles in the atmosphere have important effects on visibility, acid deposition, climate, and human health. A significant amount of anthropogenic aerosols is generated from energy-related activities, and organic compounds are known to constitute a significant fraction of ambient aerosol mass in many locations. However, there is a lack of are real-time, size-resolved, quantitati ...

75745S The utilization of high neutron fluxes (such as at new DOE Spallation Neutron Source, SNS, which is used for materials science studies) is often limited by detection systems, particularly scintillators. For example, the widely-used ZnS:Ag/LiF phosphor, although very bright, is slow and opaque to its own light, forcing the use of thin layers and compromising detection efficiency. This pro ...

75438S With the ever-increasing number of human diseases being modeled in small animals such as mice and rats, the high resolution radionuclide imaging (such as SPECT, single photon emission computed tomography) of these small animals is required. Clinical SPECT scanners used for human imaging are bulky, expensive, and do not have adequate spatial resolution for small animal studies. Dedicated, ...

75530S Positron emission tomography (PET) is a powerful imaging tool that can provide diagnosis for symptoms of diseases such as cancer, Alzheimer's disease, head trauma and stroke. However, the performance of current clinical PET systems is limited by available detector technology, and there is an urgent need for improvement in PET instrumentation, in order to exploit the full potential of this ...

75396B Reactive distilation is a new technology for the chemical and petroleum industries, which can lower energy consumption, improve the yields of reactions, enhance production of desired products, and reduce manufacturing costs. This project will develop a novel reactive distillation technology, along with improved catalysts, for an important chemical intermediate, vinyl ether. In Phase I, n ...

75096S Although CsI(Tl) has become the scintillator of choice for a wide variety of applications, it is not been widely used in radionuclide imaging or computed tomography (CT). The primary reason is the presence of an afterglow component in its scintillation decay, which reduces the energy resolution in emission tomography and results in image blur in CT. In addition, thick, pixelated scintill ...

75057S Transforming the United States from a fossil-fuel base economy to a ¿hydrogen economy¿ will require cost-effective methods for manufacturing and delivering hydrogen. The electrochemical dissociation of water into elemental hydrogen and oxygen is a well known and widely practiced means of generating hydrogen. However, commercially available water electrolysis technologies are capital-co ...

76151-Upon transmitting or receiving messages, classical network interface cards generate an interrupt to the operating system kernel, and thus to the host processor, which must service the interrupt. However, as grid-based scientific computing within DOE networks approach 10 ¿ 40 Gigabits per second, this procedure could tie down the host processor with interrupt latency. Therefore, new oper ...

75905S Solid state lighting based on organic light emitting diodes (OLED) offers significant gains in power efficiency, color quality, and lifetime, with less cost and environmental impact than traditional incandescent and fluorescent lights. However, currently available OLED devices do not meet the power efficiency and lifetime requirements for general lighting. Among several limiting factors, ...