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Industrial hydrogen production relies primarily on natural gas and hydrocarbon feedstocks to drive the various reaction chemistries that lead to hydrogen generation. Carbon dioxide, the ultimate co-product when such feedstocks and processes are employed, necessarily becomes a major contaminant of the generated hydrogen. Thus, carbon dioxide isolation and removal is an important process step in th ...

Ethylene and propylene are major chemical industry raw materials and consume a great deal of energy related to their production. It is estimated that 230 trillion BTU/yr are consumed in olefin/paraffin separations. Significant energy consumption is employed when cryogenically separating ethane from ethylene and propane from propylene. These cryogenic separations are difficult and are both capital ...

Planned science instruments require timeofflight (TOF) detectors with subpicosecond resolution, high count rates, and a large number (hundreds of thousands) of parallel channels. Timetodigital converters (TDCs) are effective for TOF measurement. With few exceptions, subnanosecond TDCs have been implemented as applicationspecific integrated circuits (ASICs), which are expensive and timeconsuming to ...

CMOS APS detectors have emerged as an attractive imaging solution to replace CCD technology. They can be very thin, yield good signaltonoise ratio (SNR) at room temperature, and offer the possibility of incorporating inpixel data processing. But despite its potential, APS has demonstrated relatively poor actual performance; a key reason is that in existing monolithic implementations, the photodiod ...

Domestic CMOS imager manufacturing technologies are attractive as a replacement for CCDs but do not yet meet all the requirements of scientific imagers. Their use in tailored scientific imaging applications is hampered by the large wafer sizes and high cost of deepsubmicron fabrication; the low voltage of standard processes also precludes the formation of deeply depleted photodiodes (PDs) in the s ...

Coal gasification plants have exhibited sub-par performance and plant economics due to poor reliability and availability. A major contributor to the poor performance has been fouling of the syngas cooler located downstream of the gasifier. The fouling is due to vaporized ash from the coal gasification process depositing on the fireside surface of the tubes in the fire tube heat exchanger used for ...

To fully utilize thirdgeneration synchrotron sources, the Xray science community needs advanced detectors that are tailored to beamline science. Detectors are not yet available for the fastest bunch modes, and at the fastest operating modes, collection of multiple bunches is required, laser energy is insufficient at the pulse rates used, and during the longer experiments used to accommodate detect ...

Flatpanel Xray detector technologies are desired to replace Xray film, but available detector materials have a number of limitations, such as low efficiency, low sensitivity, high noise, small format, high cost, long product development times, and/or expensive infrastructure. Directdetection (photoconductive) materials are theoretically favored over indirect (scintillator) materials, but have yet ...

60311 There are economic and environmental justifications for replacing conventional distillation processes with simpler membrane separations in certain applications. However, at present, there are no commercial membranes able to withstand the aggressive conditions associated with important industrial chemicals, including hydrogen fluoride, hydrogen chloride, and ozone. Prototype, chemic ...

60395 Emissions of volatile organic compounds (VOC) from gasoline refueling facilities continue to be an energy, safety, and environmental issue. In such applications, it is desired to vent the air in the system and keep the VOC behind. This project will develop a reverse separation membrane (RSM) system that allows for rapid venting of air while retaining the gasoline in underground storag ...