Award Data

75422B The increase of atmospheric CO2 from fossil fuel combustion is a major contributor to global warming and climate change. Improved measurement technology for directly determining the exchange fluxes of the stable isotopes of CO2 is crucial to understanding the natural carbon cycle, which transforms atmospheric CO2 into biological carbon, and to develop strategies to mitigate the problem. ...

75716S Aerosol particles in the atmosphere have important effects on visibility, acid deposition, climate, and human health. A significant amount of anthropogenic aerosols is generated from energy-related activities, and organic compounds are known to constitute a significant fraction of ambient aerosol mass in many locations. However, there is a lack of are real-time, size-resolved, quantitati ...

79105S05 As plasma modeling and simulation become mature, virtual diagnostics can become an option for tokamak research in the fusion energy program. A virtual diagnostics toolset that allows direct comparison of numerical simulation with tokamak measurements would provide an invaluable tool for thorough understanding of tokamak plasmas and further define future necessary diagnostics. This proje ...

79508S05 Aerosol particles have important effects on visibility, acid deposition, climate, and human health. A large fraction of the anthropogenic aerosol is generated from energy-related activities, and organic compounds are known to constitute a significant fraction of ambient aerosol mass in many locations. Yet, large uncertainties remain in quantifying the chemical composition and atmospheri ...

75905S Solid state lighting based on organic light emitting diodes (OLED) offers significant gains in power efficiency, color quality, and lifetime, with less cost and environmental impact than traditional incandescent and fluorescent lights. However, currently available OLED devices do not meet the power efficiency and lifetime requirements for general lighting. Among several limiting factors, ...

75096S Although CsI(Tl) has become the scintillator of choice for a wide variety of applications, it is not been widely used in radionuclide imaging or computed tomography (CT). The primary reason is the presence of an afterglow component in its scintillation decay, which reduces the energy resolution in emission tomography and results in image blur in CT. In addition, thick, pixelated scintill ...

75745S The utilization of high neutron fluxes (such as at new DOE Spallation Neutron Source, SNS, which is used for materials science studies) is often limited by detection systems, particularly scintillators. For example, the widely-used ZnS:Ag/LiF phosphor, although very bright, is slow and opaque to its own light, forcing the use of thin layers and compromising detection efficiency. This pro ...

75438S With the ever-increasing number of human diseases being modeled in small animals such as mice and rats, the high resolution radionuclide imaging (such as SPECT, single photon emission computed tomography) of these small animals is required. Clinical SPECT scanners used for human imaging are bulky, expensive, and do not have adequate spatial resolution for small animal studies. Dedicated, ...

75530S Positron emission tomography (PET) is a powerful imaging tool that can provide diagnosis for symptoms of diseases such as cancer, Alzheimer's disease, head trauma and stroke. However, the performance of current clinical PET systems is limited by available detector technology, and there is an urgent need for improvement in PET instrumentation, in order to exploit the full potential of this ...

78235S Positron Emission Tomography (PET), an in vivo analog of autoradiography, has the potential to become a powerful new tool for imaging biological processes in small laboratory animals. PET imaging of small animals can provide unique information that can help in the advancement of human disease models as well as in drug development. However, clinical PET scanners used for human imaging are ...