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In an x-ray free-electron lasers (XFEL), a high quality relativistic electron beam from a linear accelerator traverses an array of undulator magnets to generate a high power x-ray beam by allowing the FEL to reach saturation. In many XFELs, phase shifters haven’t been commonly used or included in their designs. The importance of the phase shifter was recognized only recently. A phase shifter can ...

Determination of soil gas concentrations and isotopologue ratios are a critical tool in plant, microbial and ecosystem ecology, hydrology, biogeochemistry studies, and interrogation of environmental remediation. In addition, the most abundant elements utilized and exchanged by plants, microbes and ecosystems are carbon (C), hydrogen (H), oxygen (O) and nitrogen (N), all of which respond to redox c ...

Dry methane reforming consumes two greenhouse gases (carbon dioxide and methane) and coverts them to syngas that can be used to produce liquid fuels and other chemicals. Using catalysts, this reaction occurs at temperatures of 600-900oC, yet conversion has been limited and carbon-forming reactions that deactivate catalysts are often a problem. In this Phase I study, we propose an innovative approa ...

Direct fired supercritical CO2 (sCO2) cycles are gaining interest because of their potential as a zero emission power source that operates at high efficiency. The oxy-combustors in these systems operate at high supercritical pressures and current simulation tools to support design evaluation are deficient in this regime. Our proposed work here addresses this deficiency. The proposed program seeks ...

Separations often account for a majority of process costs. This is because all traditional separation processes have inherent weaknesses that prevent the system from achieving perfect (or even near perfect in many instances) selectivity. These weaknesses result in large recycle streams and require multiple separation units in concert in order to produce a product clean enough for use or sale. An a ...

The DOE Office of Nuclear Energy (NE) has created an extensive set of advanced modeling and simulation tools for nuclear engineering analysis. The advanced capabilities of these newer analysis codes require more in-depth training, skills, and knowledge in order to effectively utilize them for the design, analysis, and licensing of advanced nuclear systems and experiments. A high learning curve for ...

An increasingly developed global populations necessitates an increased demand for inexpensive, renewable commercial building blocks and feedstocks in order to preserve human standards of living. Lignocellulosic biomass valorization has emerged as an attractive alternative source for feedstocks, with a more sustainable long-term future. Lignocellulosic biomasses can be hydrolyzed to produce cellulo ...

Nuclear forensic analysis is critical to preventing nuclear terrorism. This analysis involves combining information from multiple microanalytical imaging technologies and other spectroscopic methods in a serial fashion to provide all required information; specifically the size, morphology, composition, and molecular and elemental makeup of the samples. Image registration is a crucial step in all i ...

Monitoring the integrity of underground, double-shell tanks (DSTs) utilized for the interim storage of high-level waste (HLW) is critical for protecting human health and the environment while supporting their critical role in the waste processing and disposition process. In-service inspections of physically-accessible areas of the primary and secondary liners are conducted to assess leak integrity ...

The United States electric grid is becoming increasingly susceptible to cyber-attacks due to the high dependence on communication-based automated control for system operation, as well as advancements in the intrusion capabilities of adversaries. False Data Injection Attacks (FDIAs) and control-related attacks (CRAs), two emerging classes of cyber-attacks, can cause large-scale disruption in the op ...