DOD SBIR 2016.3

TECHNOLOGY AREA(S): Electronics

The technology within this topic is restricted under the International Traffic in Arms Regulation (ITAR), which controls the export and import of defense-related material and services. Offerors must disclose any proposed use of foreign nationals, their country of origin, and what tasks each would accomplish in the statement of work in accordance with section 5.4.c.(8) of the solicitation.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this effort is to develop and demonstrate a self-healing/self-routing wiring system for Army aviation applications.

DESCRIPTION: Aircraft wiring with the ability to autonomously wire repair itself by healing and rerouting itself would increase aircraft safety and significantly save the Army in inspection/repair costs. The goal is to develop an advanced low cost wiring system that can be implemented into legacy and future Army rotorcraft. The wiring system should seamlessly be incorporated into Army aircraft without requiring any special installation equipment. The wiring system should weigh less or not exceed the current Army wiring systems. The new wiring system is required to meet all current military specifications for application for Army aircraft.

As Army aircraft age the internal wiring connecting electronic systems become a significant maintenance concern. Aging wiring can become brittle causing damaging mechanisms to harm key wiring components and thus the electronic equipment they are connect to in the aircraft. For example, the wiring in aircraft electronic systems can wear causing portions of the protective rubber coating to chafe off exposing the wire’s internal metal material fibers to the aircraft’s internal environmental conditions. Moisture on exposed wires can induce shorts and open circuits in the aircraft components to which they are connected. As a result, the electronic components can malfunction or, in a worst case scenario, initiate a fire as internal electrical components such as capacitors become overheated. Over time, aging wiring can also fail when the metal material fibers fatigue and break under excessive operational vibration cycles. Regardless, any wiring system new or old can become compromised due to improper handling by maintenance personnel or enemy fire ballistic damages. To address these inherent wiring maintenance concerns, this topic’s intention is to develop a wiring system that can autonomously detect and alleviate wiring connectivity issues by healing itself or redirecting electrical current through healthy wires.

This topic’s goal is to develop and demonstrate a self-interrogation device -healing/self-rerouting wiring system. The wiring system must be able to function/survive in the harsh aircraft internal environments. The wiring system must also survive exposure aircraft chemical spills. The wiring system should be as small and lightweight as possible and have the capability to transverse in small areas. The wiring system should be affordable and be easily manufacturable. The wiring system will be graded for performance with metrics to include ability to detect when wiring is damaged without false positives, the ability to accurately detect damaged the portion within the minimal distance, wiring systems ability repeatability without fault to reroute current to healthy wiring.

PHASE I: Develop and conduct a feasibility demonstration of the advanced wiring system self sustaining maintenance technology components. This may include modeling of the wiring performance, and coupon level experimental testing. Modeling should include the ability of the wiring system to detect damage and redirect electrical current through healthy wiring. This demonstration shall validate identified critical technical challenges.

PHASE II: The contractor shall further develop the self-healing/self rerouting wiring system based on the Phase I effort for implementation on an Army rotorcraft. The capabilities of the self-healing/self rerouting wiring will be validated by conducting testing using electronic systems representative of aircraft controlling electronics. This testing shall validate the ability of the wiring system at the smallest distances possible. Testing should include seeded faults of the simulated electrical system to demonstrate the wiring system capabilities. The contractor shall address manufacturing issues of the wiring system, as well as identify Phase III path ahead for military qualification.

PHASE III DUAL USE APPLICATIONS: This technology could be integrated in a broad range of military/civilian aircraft. The potential exists to integrate and transition this wiring system into existing and future Army aircraft components, such as those for the Apache, Chinook, Black Hawk.

REFERENCES:

• MIL-STD-704F, Aircraft Electric Power Characteristics, 25 Oct 2013
• MIL-W-5088L, Military Specification Wiring Aerospace Vehicle, 10 May 1991
• Steven Harrigan, “A Condition-Based Maintenance Solution for Army Helicopters”, The AMMTIAC Quarterly, Volume 4, Number 2(http://ammtiac.alionscience.com/quarterly)

KEYWORDS: Self-healing/Self-rerouting wiring, Electrical Components, Maintenance, Autonomous Control

 

 

TECHNOLOGY AREA(S): Air Platform

OBJECTIVE: Development of a biological, geophysical, and anthropogenic based model to determine background noise level in various environments.

DESCRIPTION: DoD, NASA, FAA, and the National Park Service (NPS) have all increasingly become cognizant of the acoustic impacts that air traffic has on the local soundscape. Acoustic mitigation procedures like limiting air tour travel [1] and managing flight trajectories [2] have been proposed and implemented to limit noise impacts on the environment and community.

Integral to the determination of specific acoustic signature effects on community noise and the natural soundscape is knowledge of the current background noise levels for that location. This is critical when noticeability of the vehicle is considered to be the noise metric of interest, as would be the case for the NPS, entrusted to maintain the ‘natural quiet’ of their parks [3]. An example of this would be comparing the North edge of the Grand Canyon, where it is very quiet and so hearing a commercial jet at cruise altitude is quite easy, with Niagara Falls, where a low-flying helicopter might go unnoticed. Past research has identified that background noise levels within the United States can be predicted using geospatial models accounting for biological, geophysical, and anthropogenic factors [4]. Further, it has been shown that citizen acquired data can be used for noise mapping tools [5].

PHASE I: The objective of phase I is to create a proof-of-concept model for determination of acoustic background noise levels across CONUS. Proof-of-concept model must be compared with acoustic data from 3 sites across CONUS that were not used in the generation of the model. Develop strategies to generate predictions and acquire validation data of acoustic background noise that are applicable to OCONUS. Develop technology transition plan and initial business case analysis.

PHASE II: The objective of phase II is to further develop the background acoustic noise model. The acoustics model must be well validated for CONUS locations and should begin to be coupled with a GIS tool, such as Google Earth, for user interrogation. Strategies for generating acoustic background noise predictions for OCONUS locations must begin to be implemented, along with a process for acquiring calibrated acoustics data of OCONUS locations. Refine transition plan and business case analysis.

PHASE III DUAL USE APPLICATIONS: Further development of the above acoustics background noise prediction tool to become finalized. Final tool must be well validated against acquired and calibrated acoustics data, fully integrated with a GIS tool, and will provide a predictive capability to assess acoustic background noise across the world. The resulting tool is applicable to both military and commercial aircraft and rotorcraft. Key military applications include predicting vehicle aural detection during flight operations. The associated/validated tool will be useful for accurate mission planning and land use models for both military and civilian community operations. The tool would also be useful in providing realtors and home buyers with information regarding the expected acoustics of their prospective neighborhood.

REFERENCES:

• Cart, J. “FAA to Limit Air Tours Over Grand Canyon,” Los Angeles Times, 29 March 2000. http://articles.latimes.com/2000/mar/29/news/mn-13772
• FAA, “Report to Congress: Nonmilitary Helicopter Urban Noise Study”, December 2004. http://www.faa.gov/regulations_policies/policy_guidance/envir_policy/media/04nov-30-rtc.pdf
• Lynch, E., Joyce, D., and Fristrup, K., “An assessment of noise audibility and sound levels in U.S. National Parks,” Landscape Ecology, No. 26, 2011, pp. 1297-1309. DOI 10.1007/s10980-011-9643-x.
• Mennitt, D., Fristrup, K., and Sherrill, K., “A Geospatial Model of Ambient Sound Pressure Levels in the continental United States,” Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, Vol. 132, No. 3, 2012. DOI: 10.1121/1.4755074
• D’Hondt, E., Stevens, M., and Jacobs, A., “Participatory noise mapping works! An evaluation of participatory sensing as an alternative to standard techniques for environmental monitoring,” Pervasive and Mobile Computing, Vol. 9, No. 5, October 2013, pp 681-694. DOI: 10.1016/j.pmcj.2012.09.002

KEYWORDS: Acoustics, Background Noise, Aural, Noticeability, Community Noise

 

 

TECHNOLOGY AREA(S): Weapons

OBJECTIVE: Develop technology and methodology to optimize optical imaging quality for stationary and gimbaled, infrared, imaging missile seekers imaging through non-spherical domes.

DESCRIPTION: The U.S. Army requires the ability to cost-effectively image through non-spherical, infrared missile domes. The Army seeks novel applications of optical design and digital image processing to acquire this ability.

The Army seeks to extend the range of its missiles without significant airframe and motor development. Non-spherical domes may be employed to reduce aerodynamic drag and efficiently extend the range of the missiles. The technology developed in this effort shall apply to multiple platforms. Therefore, solutions must be adaptable to various low-drag dome shapes.

Imaging solutions are the primary focus of this effort. Low-cost dome fabrication research is currently underway through a separate SBIR effort. Corrector optics solutions have been pursued [1] [2] in many past efforts; but those embodiments have proven to be too costly for expendable platforms like missiles.

Advances in optical materials and fabrication techniques [3] [4] and digital image processing [5] [6] show that timing may be right to reinvestigate opportunities to achieve our imaging goals with new technology.

The path to the lowest cost and highest performance may incorporate novel digital image processing in addition to novel optical components. Past efforts in missile technology have used super-resolution techniques [5] and computational imaging [6] to achieve system performance in a very restrictive design environment. The Army would like to determine the applicability of image processing not only to provide the unique imaging capability, but also to potentially achieve the lowest possible seeker subsystem cost.

Missile platforms for this effort may employ imaging seekers which operate in the mid-wave-infrared (MWIR) or long-wave-infrared (LWIR). These correspond to wavelengths 3 to 5 microns and 7 to 13 microns respectively. The Army prefers to operate its future missile seekers in multiple modes. At a minimum, the Army prefers the ability to operate seekers on these missile platforms in a dual-mode configuration with a 1.06 micron laser designator sensor. Additionally, larger diameter missile platforms may also be required to operate while transmitting Ka-band radar through the dome. Therefore, the Army would also prefer dome materials and imaging system components which might allow for such transmission.

Platforms of interest to the Army are those with outside missile diameters of 2.75-inches, 5-inches, and 7-inches. The smallest platform of interest is likely to have a stationary, non-gimbaled sensor operating behind the non-spherical dome. The larger platforms (5 and 7 inch diameters) are more likely to be gimbaled and use multiple imaging modes. These gimbaled sensors will rotate behind the dome as much as 10-degrees in angle from the longitudinal axis of the missile and dome.

Typical aerodynamic domes of interest have base diameters slightly smaller than the missile outside diameters. The length to diameter ratios of the aerodynamic domes must be greater than 0.5 (spherical), but will likely be less than 1.5. Profiles may be elliptical, power series, or some other linear functions. Phase I conceptual dome shapes should approximate these specifications simply to show feasibility. One goal of this effort is to show adaptability of the novel imaging technology to varied dome shapes. Therefore, specific domes of interest may be provided by the Army in later phases of this effort.

Phase I proposals will be technically evaluated on the perceived ability of the technology to simultaneously achieve the goals of minimal production cost and high infrared imaging quality.

PHASE I: Deliverable Summary:

Prior to the conclusion of Phase I, the Army requires:

• Detailed descriptions, designs, and representative image processing routines used to develop the novel imaging technology.
• Documentation of findings, proof of feasible fabrication and operation, and potential limitations on dome characteristics and/or applicability of the novel technology.
• Brief analysis of component production cost projections for the mature technology.
• Demonstration of any key component technology to the imaging solution.

The goal of the Phase I effort is to demonstrate the feasibility of novel optical, optomechanical, and image processing technologies used in an imaging missile seeker exhibiting the desired properties as described in the previously stated description. A Phase I effort shall incrementally develop this technology to image infrared radiation through a notional - but relevant - non-spherical dome with less than a 0.3-milliradian instantaneous field of view system resolution and a system field of regard of at least 20 degrees. System latency should be sub-frame at 30Hz.

Phase I will establish a novel optical design, image processing technology, and a defined path to low cost. Fully justified research documentation and designs are required in Phase I to prove feasibility. Fabrication and demonstration of key innovative component technologies will be considered as advantageous risk reductions in Phase I.

Proposed solutions should employ either a cooled MWIR sensor or an uncooled (or cooled) LWIR sensor as the primary imaging sensor. The Army will perceive an advantage to proposals which address both; however, a detailed study in one band still has significant merit. MWIR and LWIR objectives do not have to be met with the same dome material or optical design. Incorporation of a 1.06-micron laser receiver in the optical design will also be considered an advantage.

A successful Phase I effort does not need to address all the missile platform diameters of interest. The Phase I proposal shall declare which platform sizes the technology will address. It will be considered an advantage if the Phase I can show a feasible path to scaling the novel technology to all platform sizes of interest.

A successful Phase I will also emphasize cost savings in the future mature technology, and show feasibility of creating a seeker with similar (or less) cost as compared to current gimbaled missile seekers.

PHASE II: The Phase II effort shall produce a functioning imaging prototype to prove feasibility and reduce risk of the novel technology developed in Phase I. The Phase II shall incrementally reduce the risk of this technology, and shall refine future production cost projections.

It is the Army’s intention to provide one dome prototype for this demonstration; however, the developmental dome and its availability and quality is currently unknown. Phase II plans should recognize this risk and plan accordingly. The Phase II shall demonstrate adaptability of the technology to different dome exterior shapes.

The investigating firm shall deliver at least one fully functioning prototype seeker sensor to the Army in Phase II. The prototype shall be demonstrated and tested, and all test documentation shall be delivered to the Army in Phase II. Detailed design data shall be delivered to the Army in order to prove manufacturing feasibility. Phase II reporting shall address any manufacturing concerns of the novel optical technology. The Phase II shall detail any capabilities and limitations of the novel optical technology due to environmental effects such as temperature, shock, and vibration.

A Phase II effort should also include marketing of the technology to missile prime contractors, and establishing relationships for potential integration of the technology into real missile platforms.

PHASE III DUAL USE APPLICATIONS: Simultaneously develop technology for integration into a specific missile platform as well as develop spin-off commercial applications for any materials, fabrication methods and processes, image processing concepts and implementations, or novel design processes which were developed through the SBIR effort.

Potential commercial technology areas might be in commercial optics fabrication or software for design, assessment and/or fabrication of similar commercial optical components.

REFERENCES:

• Trotta, P. A., “Precision Conformal Optics Technology Program,” Proceedings of SPIE Vol. 4375, pp 96-107 (2001)
• Zhang, W., Zuo, B., Chen, S., Xiao, H., Fan, Z., “Design of fixed correctors used in conformal optical system based on diffractive optical elements,” Applied Optics Vol. 52, No. 3, pp461-466 (2013)
• Parish, M., Pascucci, M., Corbin, N., Puputti, B., Chery, G., Small, J., “Transparent Ceramics for Demanding Optical Applications,” Proceedings of the SPIE Volume 8016 (2011).
• Bambrick, S., Bechtold, M., DeFisher, S., Mohring, D., “Ogive and free-form polishing with UltraForm Finishing,” Proceedings of the SPIE Vol. 8016 (2011)
• Young, S. S., et.al., “Applications of Super-Resolution and Deblurring to Practical Sensors,” Proceedings of SPIE Vol. 6941 (2008)
• Harvey, A., et.al., “Digital image processing as an integral component of optical design,” Proceedings of SPIE Vol. 7061 (2008)

KEYWORDS: optics, infrared, image processing, seeker, missile, tracker, lens, dome

 

 

TECHNOLOGY AREA(S): Materials/Processes

The technology within this topic is restricted under the International Traffic in Arms Regulation (ITAR), which controls the export and import of defense-related material and services. Offerors must disclose any proposed use of foreign nationals, their country of origin, and what tasks each would accomplish in the statement of work in accordance with section 5.4.c.(8) of the solicitation.

OBJECTIVE: Develop fast computational methods for predicting thermal stresses and distortion in complex structures fabricated with metal-powder bed additive processes.

DESCRIPTION: Develop a new computational method to enable the generation of an efficient design tool for optimizing the support structure of additive manufactured (AM) parts to reduce distortion; while minimizing the amount of support material in order to reduce build costs and improve build quality. This tool is targeted for AM market to reduce product development times and costs. Current approaches to the analysis of processing effects on thermal stresses are extremely numerically inefficient requiring excessive computational resources and are impractical for broad application.

PHASE I: Develop and demonstrate the computational method and design tool on a complex metal missile structure designed with topology optimization. The structure should be a minimum of 4 inches by 4 inches by 4 inches, non-symmetric and contain ligaments of varying thickness. Demonstrate a process simulation that predicts deflections due to residual stress within 10% and runs in under 5 minutes on a standard workstation for the 4x4x4 structure. Plans should be developed to integrate the tool into existing support-generation software.

PHASE II: Demonstrate the computational method and design tool on a relevant missile component or structure. This demonstration should include component and system level structural analysis, fabrication, and metrology to verify dimensional accuracy. Three different applications are required to demonstrate repeatability of the entire design and fabrication process. Integrate the design tool into commercial support-generation software.

PHASE III DUAL USE APPLICATIONS: Demonstrate the process on a relevant Army application, and provide complete engineering and test documentation for development of manufacturing prototypes. A relevant application could include weight reduction from missile components or structures in an existing and/or future system application.

REFERENCES:

• N. Patil, D. Pal, and B. Stucker, "A new finite element solver using numerical Eigen modes for fast simulation of additive manufacturing processes," in Proceedings of the Solid Freeform Fabrication Symposium, Austin, TX, Aug, 2013, pp. 12-14.
• E. R. Denlinger, J. Irwin, and P. Michaleris, "Thermomechanical modeling of additive manufacturing large parts," Journal of Manufacturing Science and Engineering, vol. 136, p. 061007, 2014.
• J. Heigel, P. Michaleris, and E. Reutzel, "Thermo-mechanical model development and validation of directed energy deposition additive manufacturing of Ti–6Al–4V," Additive Manufacturing, vol. 5, pp. 9-19, 2015.
• M. F. Gouge, J. C. Heigel, P. Michaleris, and T. A. Palmer, "Modeling forced convection in the thermal simulation of laser cladding processes," The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, vol. 79, pp. 307-320, 2015.

KEYWORDS: powder bed, thermal stress, thermal distortion, thermal analysis

 

 

TECHNOLOGY AREA(S): Weapons

The technology within this topic is restricted under the International Traffic in Arms Regulation (ITAR), which controls the export and import of defense-related material and services. Offerors must disclose any proposed use of foreign nationals, their country of origin, and what tasks each would accomplish in the statement of work in accordance with section 5.4.c.(8) of the solicitation.

OBJECTIVE: Develop an enhanced rendering capability for use in simulation to evaluate PEO MS, PEO Aviation and sensor and weapon system projects and programs. Quantify the relationships between rendered scene fidelity, current rendering hardware, and computational requirements toward solutions that will support both high fidelity quasi-time limited to hard real-time weapon system simulation applications to include hardware-in-the-loop.

DESCRIPTION: Rendering and scene generation approaches for simulation applications have relied upon raster-based graphics rendering techniques/applications for the past 20 years or more. These techniques have yielded incremental performance improvements due to considerable expensive hardware specialization, but they often use expedient shortcuts to approximate phenomenology effects. The resulting imagery often does not meet fidelity requirements for use in performance evaluation of increasingly more sophisticated sensors and seekers. Phenomenology modeling and rendering innovation are needed, where raster methods fall short, to provide accurate reflective signatures needed to test sensors and seekers operating at wavelengths less than 3 microns. This topic focuses on investigation of revolutionary rendering methods as an alternative to the current incremental improvements to raster-based scene generation. Ray tracing-based rendering is considered the purest and closest thing to physics-based rendering. It solves the rendering equation without simplifications (fully physics-based method that best mimics nature), has realistic/proper treatment of natural and manmade global illumination sources, it provides an opportunity to significantly improve spatial and temporal anti-aliasing, it is inherently parallelizable (tailor made for cluster processing platform) and has the ability to explicitly handle complex high polygon count scenes. Ray trace rendering has seen very limited adoption because of the perceived large runtimes and hardware requirements needed to render a high fidelity scene using these methods. As the ever increasing scene generation fidelity requirements have largely reached the limits of traditional raster-based rendering methods, the need has arisen to perform a thorough investigation and follow-on design for ray trace approach that can be scaled as a rendering solution. This approach should apply several fidelity and computing performance metrics. Also required is a determination of the cross-over point when fidelity and performance requirements will mandate the transition to ray tracing-based rendering.

PHASE I: Leverage COTS computational capability and COTS/GOTS software to benchmark rendering fidelity versus compute time. Investigate current and future processor performance capabilities. Tailor ray tracing algorithms to processor-optimized frameworks to improve performance, and demonstrate the application of ray tracing to a variety of use cases including several spectral bands. Obvious configuration options to be varied include: the number of pixel samples, the number of ray bounces, the number of spectral samples, and the polygonal representation of the rendered geometry. Raster rendering video sequences will also be generated using the existing raster technology and results compared with the ray trace rendering. Scalability of the ray trace rendering methods will be estimated and used to specify hardware requirements to support simulations up to hard real-time HWIL. Phase I will result in a recommended proof-of-concept ray trace rendering system design that includes both software and hardware.

PHASE II: The proof-of-concept design completed in Phase I will be developed in detail based on a detailed understanding of the relationship between fidelity and compute time. A proof-of-concept computational platform will be designed and developed for use in testing. Representative ray tracing use cases will be selected. The focus in Phase II will be to collect data on the performance metrics to investigate how compute time scales with respect to different hardware sizes and architectures. These comparisons will be used to obtain insight on: how selection of rendering hardware system architecture affects performance, how distribution across a compute cluster reduces compute time, how the method of subdividing the task may influence these choices, and finally, how to transform this knowledge into tailoring algorithms for existing and future hardware.

PHASE III DUAL USE APPLICATIONS: Develop a prototype ray trace rendering system capable of hard real-time simulation and integrate this system into an AMRDEC HWIL laboratory to support testing. The system will also have the potential to address requirements of others in the tri-service community including signature management, intelligence, and C4ISR that cannot be supported with current raster scene generation techniques.

REFERENCES:

• Walters, C. P., Hoover, C. W., & Ratches, J. A. (2000). Performance of an automatic target recognizer algorithm against real and two versions of synthetic imagery. Optical Engineering, 39(8), 2279-2284.
• Wald, I., Slusallek, P., & Benthin, C. (2001). Interactive distributed ray tracing of highly complex models (pp. 277-288). Springer Vienna.
• Shirley, P., & Morley, R. K. (2008). Realistic ray tracing. AK Peters, Ltd.
• Haynes, A. W., Gilmore, M. A., Filbee, D. R., & Stroud, C. A. (2003, September). Accurate scene modeling using synthetic imagery. In AeroSense 2003 (pp. 85-96). International Society for Optics and Photonics.

KEYWORDS: Rendering, scene generation, modeling and simulation, weapon system, image fidelity, benchmarking

 

TECHNOLOGY AREA(S): Electronics

The technology within this topic is restricted under the International Traffic in Arms Regulation (ITAR), which controls the export and import of defense-related material and services. Offerors must disclose any proposed use of foreign nationals, their country of origin, and what tasks each would accomplish in the statement of work in accordance with section 5.4.c.(8) of the solicitation.

OBJECTIVE: Develop efficient algorithms and processes for the physics-based modeling and rapid generation of complex multipath effects within urban environments suitable for implementation within existing scene generation capabilities.

DESCRIPTION: The Army has need for the accurate and timely representation of multipath affects within urban environments to support the modeling and simulation (M&S) efforts of missile-borne seeker development, system-level performance evaluations, and mission planning for urban operations (UO). The primary goal is the development of this capability for radio-frequency (RF) seekers operating in the millimeter-wave (mmW) region but development efforts could include other RF or infrared (IR) bands. In addition, both active (mono-static) and semi-active (bi-static) geometries should be modeled during development. For Army applications of this topic, the RF source location is typically above the buildings with targets at or near ground-level and only energy propagation external to buildings or other structures need be represented and modeled.

The multiple paths of energy propagation present in urban areas often disrupt important features in the range and Doppler signatures of targets used by conventional radar systems to perform target acquisition and tracking. The range-Doppler smearing and other distortions caused by these multipath contributions to the target’s return will adversely affect the sensor’s ability to perform these critical functions under UO conditions. This SBIR seeks innovative approaches for analytically representing these multipath effects that can be rendered using existing RF scene generation capabilities without incurring unsustainable increases in runtime. Algorithms and processes developed under the program must properly model all of the key physical processes present in UO conditions: wavefront propagation, reflection, diffraction, and geometrical shadowing. Previous experience has shown that full vector-wavefront propagation is required to properly model polarization effects especially for specular and diffuse reflected components. Current methods for representing multipath rely on straightforward parametric models of the specular and diffuse contributions for a single-bounce from the ground. The goal of this topic is the demonstrated capability to represent these multipath effects in the far more complex urban environment via modeling processes suitable for use in scene generation code and simulations.

PHASE I: Demonstrate the feasibility of modeling and representing multipath effects at the physical level within urban environments by identifying and developing innovative algorithms and processes. Identify key metrics for quantifying the quality of the representation and assessing potential runtime impacts before integration into current scene generation products. Develop and execute a verification plan for algorithms and processes developed during Phase I. Coordinate the collection of data needed to support these Phase I verification activities and for performing validation of the algorithms and processes developed under Phase II of the program. Identify any specific areas limiting throughput or restricting fidelity requiring further development.

PHASE II: Design, develop, and demonstrate a full-fidelity capability for representing multipath effects within urban environments. Complete development and/or refinement of any limiting areas identified during Phase I to a sufficient level for meeting program fidelity and runtime requirements. The developed software architecture and operational requirements will be documented and must be compatible with existing Army simulation and scene generation software and tool suites. To achieve Phase II runtime objectives, algorithm enhancements leveraging the OpenCL language shall be developed to take advantage of GPU and vector processor type CPUs to minimize execution speed while maintaining code portability and functionality. Metrics identified in Phase I will be used to assess speed, accuracy, and fidelity in representing multipath effects in UO conditions. The Phase I verification plan will be extended for the algorithms and processes generated under Phase II of the program and executed as needed. A validation plan will be developed and executed for the full-fidelity capability prior to the completion of Phase II activities. The required end-state for Phase II program development is documented, verified and validated (V&V) code ready for integration into system-level integrated flight simulations (IFS). Results from the V&V process will be used to support a TRL-6 rating and guide Phase III activities. ITAR control is required and Contract Security Classification Specifications, DD Form 254 will also be required.

PHASE III DUAL USE APPLICATIONS: Design, develop, and demonstrate a real-time optimized urban multipath representation operating within existing hardware-in-the-loop (HWIL) architectures supporting Army systems such as Joint Air to Ground Missile (JAGM) and Small Diameter Bomb (SDB). To achieve Phase III runtime objectives, novel algorithm and hardware enhancements will be required to minimize execution speed while maintaining code portability and functionality. These developmental efforts will then be leveraged to extended multipath capabilities to HWIL applications where reasonable tradeoffs in fidelity are acceptable to achieve required realtime constraints while retaining the core urban multipath modeling capability. The V&V process will be updated, executed, and documented as needed to demonstrate maturity for Army customers needing these capabilities.

Additional commercialization opportunities exist both within the DoD and private sector. The modeling capabilities developed under this program have a wide range of applications for radar-centric systems. This includes M&S-based development and performance evaluation of UAS-borne surveillance radars operating in urban terrains, particularly for multiple UASs operating cooperatively to fully monitor activities at the city-wide level. In addition, the developed capability will facilitate the M&S-enabled development of advanced and novel radar designs, such as multiple-input/multiple-output (MIMO) aperture systems under consideration for DARPA’s Multipath Exploitation Radar (MER) program.

REFERENCES:

• MI Skolnik, Introduction to Radar Systems, New York: McGraw Hill, 2001.
• Collin, R. E., Antennas and Radiowave Propagation, New York: McGraw-Hill, 1985.
• N Fourikis, Advanced Array Systems, Applications and RF Technologies, New York: Academic Press, 2000.
• Siwiak, K., and L. A. Ponce de Leon, “Simulation Model of Urban Polarization Cross Coupling,” Electronic Letters, Vol. 34, No. 22, October 29, 1998, pp. 2168–2169.
• Siwiak, K., H. Bertoni, and S. Yano, “Relation between Multipath and Wave Propagation Attenuation,” Electronic Letters, Vol. 39, No. 1, January 9, 2003, pp. 142–143.
• Krolik J., J Farell, A. Steinhardt, “Exploiting multipath propagation for GMTI in urban environments,” Proceedings of the IEEE Radar Conference (NY: Verona, April 2006), pp. 24–27.
• Corre Y., Y. Lostanlen, “Three-Dimensional Urban EM Wave Propagation Model for Radio Network Planning and Optimization Over Large Areas,” IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, Vol. 58, No. 7, September 2009.
• Tobias Rick and Torsten Kuhlen (2010). Accelerating Radio Wave Propagation Algorithms by Implementation on Graphics Hardware, Wave Propagation in Materials for Modern Applications, Andrey Petrin (Ed.), ISBN:978-953-7619-65-7, InTech.

KEYWORDS: modeling, simulation, rapid scene generation

 

 

TECHNOLOGY AREA(S): Weapons

The technology within this topic is restricted under the International Traffic in Arms Regulation (ITAR), which controls the export and import of defense-related material and services. Offerors must disclose any proposed use of foreign nationals, their country of origin, and what tasks each would accomplish in the statement of work in accordance with section 5.4.c.(8) of the solicitation.

OBJECTIVE: Identify and produce a low-cost material that matches or exceeds the performance of depleted uranium (DU) in kinetic energy (KE) penetrator applications.

DESCRIPTION: Beginning in the 1970s, depleted uranium was selected as a replacement for tungsten alloys used in a variety of armor-piercing projectiles. In addition to enhanced performance, the manufacturability, low material cost, and abundant supply of DU have made it a practical choice for KE penetrators.

Limited opposition to the use of DU exists in some circles based on the idea that, as a heavy metal, depleted uranium deposited on the battlefield might represent a serious persistent health or environmental hazard. Because of this opposition, the Army has been exploring alternative materials for KE penetrator applications.

This SBIR topic requests a fully dense KE penetrator material that matches or exceeds the ballistic performance of depleted uranium.

The cost of the proposed material should not exceed 200 percent of the cost of military grade tungsten heavy alloy purchased in production quantities. The Army may consider materials and processes that exceed this cost ceiling if they provide exceptional KE penetrator performance or if they offset the material cost through reductions in other life-cycle costs.

The material proposed should be less toxic than conventional tungsten nickel cobalt heavy alloys.

The offeror should provide a commercialization strategy that details the roles the contractor plans to assume in the supply chain (e.g., licensing, material production, machining, sales of complete projectiles) to incorporate this technology into medium caliber munitions.

The offeror should also identify intended commercialization partners.

The proposal should also detail expected investment required to commercialize this technology.

PHASE I: The offeror should use a multiscale materials modeling approach, such as Integrated Computational Materials Engineering (ICME), to develop material options to replace depleted uranium in the kinetic energy penetrator application.

The materials developed shall meet or exceed the terminal ballistic performance of current depleted uranium alloys.

The modeling effort will produce a complete description of the materials, including, but not limited to, composition, crystal structure, phase identification, preferred microstructural features, and expected mechanical and physical properties.

Candidate materials shall be submitted for high-strain-rate testing to demonstrate the formation of localized shear bands.

The offeror shall demonstrate the successful synthesis and fabrication of the most promising candidate material compositions by delivering 12 identical samples of the fully dense material in kinetic energy penetrator form (5.6 mm diameter and 16.7 mm in length) for testing at the US Army Research Laboratory.

Create a scale-up strategy for material production.

Perform cost analysis detailing the anticipated cost of full scale production.

PHASE II: The offeror shall build on the insight provided by the results of the Phase I ballistic tests by the Army and those of the high strain rate tests to optimize the candidate composition for medium caliber penetrator performance.

Conduct follow-on high-strain rate tests and metallurgical characterizations for the improved material.

The offeror shall scale up the synthesis and processing of the down-selected material sufficiently to produce a single batch of material to fabricate 25 identical penetrator rods (65g mass, 20:1 length to diameter ratio, right circular cylinder, dimensional tolerances shall be provided).

The offeror shall perform ballistic characterization with these penetrators against standard 3"" rolled homogenous armor (RHA) at zero degrees obliquity or similar tests, comparing these results against conventional tungsten penetrators.

The offeror shall also fabricate from a single batch of material an additional 25 identical copies of these penetrators for delivery to the Army for independent characterization. Tests should be structured to enable comparison with equivalent DU test data.

Further optimize the composition, processing, and material properties based on Phase II ballistic test results to meet launch survivability and terminal ballistics requirements.

Deliver 25 prototypes (half-inch diameter, eight-inch length) to the Army for testing.

PHASE III DUAL USE APPLICATIONS: Scale up material for tests in 120mm tank rounds. Private sector applications include the use of projectiles to replace high explosive charges for cutting hard surfaces in mining, drilling, excavation, demolitions, and salvage operations.

REFERENCES:

• "Front Matter", Integrated Computational Materials Engineering: A Transformational Discipline for Improved Competitiveness and National Security. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press, 2008. http://www.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=12199&page=R1. (Accessed August 19, 2014).
• Ryan T. Ott et al., Synthesis of high-strength W-Ta ultrarine-grain composites, J. Mater. Res., 23 (2008) 133-139.
• Min Ha Lee and Daniel J. Sordelet, Shear localization of nanoscale W in metallic glass composites, J. Mater. Res, 21 (2006), 492-499.
• X.F.Xue, et al., Strength-improved Zr-based metallic glass/porous tungsten phase composite by hydrostatic extrusion, Appl. Phys. Let, 90 (2007)
• Tapan K. Chatterjee, K T. Ramesh and John B. Posthill, "Electron Microscopy of Tungsten Heavy Alloys After High Strain Rate Tests" Microscopy Society of America, August 1-5, 1994, New Orleans.
• Ames Laboratory, "Nanostructured Material Offers Environmentally Safe Armor-piercing Capability, May Replace Depleted Uranium." ScienceDaily. www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2007/01/070131103534.htm (accessed August 19, 2014).
• Lee S. Magness. "High Strain Rate Deformation Behaviors of Kinetic Energy Penetrator Materials during Ballistic Impact." Mechanics of Materials: 147-54.
• Michael J. Keele, Edward J. Rapacki Jr., and William J. Bruchey Jr., "High Velocity Performance of a Uranium Alloy Long Rod Penetrator," Technical Report BRL-TR-3236, Ballistic Research Laboratory, http://www.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a236191.pdf (Accessed June 17, 2015)."

KEYWORDS: Amorphous metals, Kinetic Energy Penetrators, depleted uranium, nanostructured materials, alloy nanopowders, advanced materials, tungsten.

 

 

TECHNOLOGY AREA(S): Electronics

The technology within this topic is restricted under the International Traffic in Arms Regulation (ITAR), which controls the export and import of defense-related material and services. Offerors must disclose any proposed use of foreign nationals, their country of origin, and what tasks each would accomplish in the statement of work in accordance with section 5.4.c.(8) of the solicitation.

OBJECTIVE: Design, develop, and demonstrate a system for detecting and geolocating human targets in a GPS-denied environment based on state-of-the-art sensors, robotic systems, and wireless communication technologies.

DESCRIPTION: Advances in HF/VHF wireless radio communications, in miniaturization of robotic systems, and in remote sensor systems (RSSs) have the potential to provide to commanders on the battlefield an unprecedented capability to identify and geolocate various objects in a GPS-denied area.

Currently, geolocation of objects in GPS-denied conditions relies on inertial measurement units (IMUs) that resides on the tracked objects. As a result, the current geolocation technology is focused predominantly on the blue force and not on neutral or hostile targets. Further, IMU-based geolocation of an object suffers from cumulative error that increases with the length and complexity of the path that such an object travels in a GPS-denied environment. Current and evolving technologies should allow smaller and more sophisticated robotic systems to carry and place advanced RSS in the vicinity of a person of interest to relay the location of that person, possibly through mesh networks of other robotic systems, back to the ground station for geolocation. Friendly targets of interest can be aware of detection, but enemies must be oblivious to detection.

Under the proposed system, geolocation should be dramatically more precise than information provided by IMUs alone or other presently available technology.

PHASE I: Investigate innovative solutions and methodologies to detect and geolocate human targets in the GPS-denied environment.

Demonstrate a proof of principle of the human detection and supporting geolocation technology through modelling and simulation of various scenarios with multiple robotic platforms and either a single human or multiple humans to be detected.

Demonstrate through simulation and modeling that detection of human targets can be achieved with a 50 percent success rate for an individual target and with over 60 percent success for multiple human targets. Demonstrate also that the accuracy of geolocation will be accurate to within 5 meters.

PHASE II: Develop and demonstrate a prototype human target detection capability with the desired probability of detection and accuracy that can be inserted into a realistic fires and effects architecture to be supplied by ARDEC. The technology implementation must be capable of seamless integration and operation within this architecture.

Conduct testing to demonstrate feasibility of the human target identification technology and the supporting geolocation and tracking system for operation within a simulation environment operated by ARDEC.

PHASE III DUAL USE APPLICATIONS: The architecture and software developed under this effort should be scalable to at least tens of robotic platforms and possibly hundreds of them. The software and prototypes developed under this effort will have dual military and civilian search and rescue applications. Military operations could use this capability for enhanced situational awareness while engaging the enemy combatants in subterranean, GPS-denied environments. In particular, this capability will enhance the situational awareness of the soldiers in the urban building-to-building and door-to-door combat missions. Finally, search and rescue operations could use this capability to find and map people trapped in the rubble after natural disasters.

REFERENCES:

• US Army, CERDEC, "Future Force Warrior Navigation Sub-System Performance Evaluation Test Report", August 2008.
• US Army, PM SBIR, "Intelligent Human Motion Detection Sensor", https://sbirsource.com/sbir/topics/85317-intelligent-human-motion-detection-sensor
• R. L. Mackey, TRADOC Pamphlet 525-66, Military Operations, "Force Operating Capabilities", 2008.
• S. Rowe and C. Wagner, "An Introduction to the Joint Architecture for Unmanned Systems (JAUS), Open Skies", 2008, http://www.openskies.net/papers/07F-SIW-089%20Introduction%20to%20JAUS.pdf
• M. Cummins and P. Newman, "Highly Scalable Appearance-Only SLAM – FAB-MAP 2.0," In Robotics: Science and Systems (RSS), Seattle, USA, June 2009
• M. J. Semsch, D. Pavlicek and M. Pechoucek, "Autonomous UAV Surveillance in Complex Urban Environments", IEEE/WIC/ACM International Joint Conference on Web Intelligence and Intelligent Agents Technologies, pp. 82-85, 2009.

KEYWORDS: GPS denied geolocation, human presence detection.

 

 

TECHNOLOGY AREA(S): Weapons

The technology within this topic is restricted under the International Traffic in Arms Regulation (ITAR), which controls the export and import of defense-related material and services. Offerors must disclose any proposed use of foreign nationals, their country of origin, and what tasks each would accomplish in the statement of work in accordance with section 5.4.c.(8) of the solicitation.

OBJECTIVE: Design, develop, prototype and demonstrate a selection of single element, achromatic, focusing elements, that allow for the reduction of lens elements required to reproduce color-corrected imagery. Evolve the technology for manufacturability and survivability in a military environment. This technology will benefit Crew Served and Sniper fire control systems by reducing the size and weight of Fire Control devices.

DESCRIPTION: The necessity for snipers, soldiers, and crew served weapons operators to rapidly and accurately detect targets on the battlefield is a capability that is of high interest to the department of defense, across all agencies. A single optical component that is able to precisely focus light at different wavelengths will reduce the number of optical components required in a weapon mounted fire control sighting system, greatly reducing the size and weight of the system. The desired wavelength range is 390nm to 700nm (Human Visible Spectrum). The intent is for the contractor to determine what level of achromaticity is achievable across the spectrum of visible light using this technology. The lens technology developed under this effort will result in cost and weight savings across all branches of the armed forces. The transition of this technology to industry will reduce the size, weight & complexity of optical systems by reducing the number of lenses.

PHASE I: Identify materials and methods for producing a SEAL. Optical properties shall be modeled, and performance quantified. Small-scale proof-of-concept samples shall be produced with identified materials and methods. Any software utilized and literature addressed shall be identified by the contractor. Contractor shall clearly state in the proposal and final report how the phenomenology provides the unique capability for achieving the design goals.

PHASE II: Develop prototype SEAL. Prototype shall be F/7 or faster, with a half field of view no less than 5 degrees. Prototype shall be optimized for a minimum of three (3) visible wavelengths (486nm, 587nm, 656nm). Modeling and simulation will be provided quantifying the optical performance of the SEAL (Spot Diagrams [Both Monochromatic & Polychromatic], Ray Fans, MTF (Modulation Transfer Function), Distortion, and Field Curvature). A prototype shall be fabricated and delivered to the Government. Testing shall be conducted on prototype SEAL to verify its actual performance versus modeled expectations. The Government will keep at least one prototype. Any software utilized and literature addressed shall be identified by the contractor. Contractor shall clearly state in the proposal and final report how the phenomenology provides the unique capability for achieving the design goals.

PHASE III DUAL USE APPLICATIONS: Optimize the physical properties for military applications. Prototype a rifle mounted fire control sight using this technology that demonstrates the benefits in size and weight over currently fielded systems. Replace conventional optics with the design in a scope that represents the optical performance of a fielded military small arms sighting system. Test and report the results of the optical metrology/performance and weight savings. Create a partnership with industry to commercialize the technology and improve the manufacturability. The prototype will be TRL 4 at the end of phase III.

REFERENCES:

• Metasurface:
   
  http://phys.org/news/2015-02-captured-ultra-thin-lens.html
• GRIN:
   
  http://proceedings.spiedigitallibrary.org/proceeding.aspx?articleid=1882799
   
  http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gradient-index_optics
• http://science.sciencemag.org/content/347/6228/1342
• http://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/2040-8978/13/5/055407/meta;jsessionid=02BD986E06D0A69774DD72EC1CF31227.c4.iopscience.cld.iop.org

KEYWORDS: Achromatic metasurface, FLAT lens, multi-wavelength, dispersive phase compensation, GRIN

 

 

TECHNOLOGY AREA(S): Electronics

The technology within this topic is restricted under the International Traffic in Arms Regulation (ITAR), which controls the export and import of defense-related material and services. Offerors must disclose any proposed use of foreign nationals, their country of origin, and what tasks each would accomplish in the statement of work in accordance with section 5.4.c.(8) of the solicitation.

OBJECTIVE: To design and develop a miniaturized uncooled infrared (IR) imager package prototype suitable for future integration onto nano-unmanned air vehicles (UAVs) and soldier-mounted situational awareness sensors.

DESCRIPTION: To date, the bulk of government investment in uncooled infrared imaging technology has been dedicated to improving ultimate sensor performance for sensitivity, resolution, and time constant, while moving to larger camera formats. As uncooled sensor performance on these metrics has improved, and as reduced pixel pitches and wafer-level packaging have enabled ever-smaller infrared imaging modules, new applications for micro-infrared (IR) camera packages are now possible. Leveraging industrial and government investment in miniaturized uncooled infrared camera cores, and commercial digital readout circuit and electronics design, there is an opportunity to demonstrate a digital micro-IR camera package with direct application to nano-UAV and other very compact soldier-borne situational-awareness sensor applications. A rugged day/night infrared imaging system, including optics, wafer-packaged camera cores, and compact digital electronics, should be demonstrable by integrating into a single low-cost package for evaluation and testing by Army laboratories.

PHASE I: Show proof of concept for a micro-IR camera by developing a complete design for a digital-output uncooled camera package with a camera core weight of < 4 grams, and a packaged camera weight (including lens and output electronics) of &It; 20 grams. The camera package should support rapid turn-on (no long calibration periods) and a mechanism for rapid in-flight non-uniformity correction. Use DoD sensor community performance models (NV-IPM) to confirm that the developed design will meet the Army’s system performance requirements for size, weight, power, and target detection and activity recognition as specified in the MCoE Soldier Borne Sensor (SBS) Request for Information (RFI) [1]. In addition to meeting resolution and sensitivity requirements, camera system image time constant must be adequate to support in-flight imaging from an unstabilized platform. Phase I deliverables will include the validated sensor package design with sufficient detail on component and sub-component requirements to assess risk and maturity of prototype design.

PHASE II: Fabricate a prototype micro-IR camera package (lens, imager, and electronics) based on Phase I design, and evaluate this camera under lab and field conditions at Army test facilities. Confirm that the prototype sensor package can meet predicted camera-level specifications and use test data to refine and confirm system-level model performance predictions.

PHASE III DUAL USE APPLICATIONS: Integrate prototype cameras onto representative nano-UAV platforms, and test camera performance under realistic flight dynamics and day and night operating conditions. Develop firmware and interfaces required to meet sensor interoperability protocols for integration into nano-UAV control and sensor display interfaces. Determine best system integration path as a capability upgrade for the Product Manager Soldier Sensors and Lasers (PM SSL) Soldier-Borne Sensor (SBS) program. Investigate and define format and optics changes necessary for commercial transition into low-cost vehicle-mounted collision avoidance systems and nighttime driving aids.

REFERENCES:

• Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS) Solicitation for Soldier–Borne Sensor https://www.fbo.gov/notices/f958d13185cc0d905a33e4922ebc173f

KEYWORDS: Uncooled Infrared, Digital readout circuits, nano-UAV

 

 

TECHNOLOGY AREA(S): Electronics

The technology within this topic is restricted under the International Traffic in Arms Regulation (ITAR), which controls the export and import of defense-related material and services. Offerors must disclose any proposed use of foreign nationals, their country of origin, and what tasks each would accomplish in the statement of work in accordance with section 5.4.c.(8) of the solicitation.

OBJECTIVE: Research and develop innovative techniques that utilize the radar’s ability to synthesize and directly emit diverse waveforms such as those that could be used for missions other than radar communications, data link, jamming, etc.

DESCRIPTION: Today’s modern radar systems leverage the state-of-the-art in array design, RF electronics, and signal processing. In this regard, the notion of utilizing the radar’s ability to synthesize and directly emit diverse waveforms such as those that could be used for missions other than radar lends itself to an evolutionary shift in how radar systems could be employed. Furthermore, advanced radar arrays could allocate a portion of the antenna aperture for one mission while another portion could be used for an entirely different mission e.g. communications, data link, jamming, etc. Conceivably, this could be done at either the RF waveform stages, the beamforming stages, or some combination thereof.

PHASE I: Explore concept feasibility to first Identifying hw/sw implications to support proposal, the frequencies/techniques of interest, followed by analysis evaluating candidate arrays at the range performance i.e. probability of success vs. range, and anticipated performance given some general scenarios. In addition to the research productivity, the detailed Phase I study report should also include a block diagram identifying the functional components of what the back-end channelization/processing of diverse modes would look like in a radar architecture to include some estimates on cost-savings/increase, performance, and security implications. (TRL 3)

PHASE II: Based on Phase I results, implement a fully functioning prototype solution for radar waveform diversity. Results from Test & Evaluation should demonstrate the value-added for tactical ISR radar systems. Produce a final report for Phase II describing specific concepts. (TRL 4)

PHASE III DUAL USE APPLICATIONS: Further develop prototype into a transitional product with necessary documentation and test results for Program of Record supported by PEO IEW&S. In addition, the prototype should be socialized across the DoD for potential leveraging when applicable. (TRL 5+)

REFERENCES:

• C. Shariar et al, “Overlapped-MIMO radar waveform design for coexistence with communication system”, 2015 IEEE Wireless Communications and Networking Conference
• S. Kim et al, “PSUN: An OFDM scheme for coexistence with pulsed radar”, 2015 IEEE Wireless Communications and Networking Conference

KEYWORDS: Radar, Waveform Diversity, Open Architecture

 

 

 

 

TECHNOLOGY AREA(S): Information Systems

OBJECTIVE: Design and develop an Intelligent Power Distribution Unit (IPDU) capable of managing a diverse set of loads and communicating with users and other microgrid assets.

DESCRIPTION: A tactical microgrid must have the ability to quickly accommodate changing power requirements and remain flexible at all times in a variety of tactical scenarios using varying loads and sources. The variable and unpredictable electrical loads of a tactical microgrid require intelligent management to prevent generator overloading and loss of power to loads. Current research efforts are focused on implementation of generator digital control systems that provide increased capabilities to the family of AMMPS generator sets. Although this will greatly improve the functionality within a tactical microgrid, load management and power distribution remains a critical and underdeveloped aspect to overall mobile power management scheme. While power generation and distribution are closely related, the military requires a solution in which power distribution can operate independently of energy storage and sources. The ideal power management solution must incorporate features that build upon existing standards and fielded equipment (i.e., NATO cables). (Current Power Distribution Illumination System Electrical (PDISE) units do not have the capability to appropriately adapt to changing requirements.)

Therefore, the Army seeks an Intelligent Power Distribution Unit (IPDU) that is designed to replace or retrofit current PDISE equipment and seamlessly integrate into a more complex tactical microgrid, which may include renewables, energy storage, and other nonconventional systems. This IPDU must be capable of operating independently of other components in the power grid, be able to independently determine if a situation could cause grid collapse, and take appropriate action, such as prioritized load shedding, to save the grid.

Operational and functional characteristics that are of importance for an IPDU include

• Use of an open architecture framework to ensure flexibility to operate all hardware and software with multiple communication protocols, as defined by the Army, for control of the generator units, receipt of load information from the electrical bus, and interoperability between other components.
• Compatibility of all hardware and software with DOD or industry communications standards where appropriate standards exist.
• Use of a flexible communication system to enable secure communications via Ethernet, wireless or power line carrier.
• Ability to automatically determine the electrical hierarchy between assets within the power grid.
• Forward compatibility and have the future ability to operate as either the overall control system for the microgrid or simply communicate and execute commands from another control system.
• Operational compatibility to meet cybersecurity standards as described in the Department of Defense Cyber Strategy.

PHASE I: Design a proof of concept intelligent power distribution unit capable of connecting a variety of sources and loads into an Intelligent Power Distribution Unit. Examine integration of novel technologies for communications and asset location identification.

PHASE II: Develop, demonstrate and validate a prototype IPDU that integrates sophisticated Power management and could have the future capability to communicate with sources, energy storage with user interface.

PHASE III DUAL USE APPLICATIONS: Implement the IPDU on tactical microgrids and potential commercial applications.

REFERENCES:

• http://www.army.mil/article/64920/
• http://asc.army.mil/web/portfolio-item/cs-css-advanced-medium-mobile-power-source-ammps/
• http://www.defense.gov/Portals/1/features/2015/0415_cyber-strategy/Final_2015_DoD_CYBER_STRATEGY_for_web.pdf

KEYWORDS: reliability, scalability, power distribution, electric, grid

TECHNOLOGY AREA(S): Air Platform

OBJECTIVE: Develop and apply innovative materials, films, coatings and technologies or manufacturing techniques which allow current Army airdrop related hardware and equipment to survive fresh and salt water operations without damage nor significant maintenance impact with increased reliability. No additional equipment will be required by the user; the objective is to upgrade current equipment designs rather than provide additional equipment with additional associated training, maintenance and disposal costs.

DESCRIPTION: Current Army cargo airdrop operations are mainly conducted on solid ground drop zone (DZs), however there are times when water operations require the use of airdropping cargo into bodies of water. These can be fresh or salt water. In both training and actual operations, it is imperative to provide the user reliable equipment with minimal maintenance requirements during recovery and turnaround for the next mission. Current procedures often require equipment to be broken down, mechanically cleaned, rinsed and air dried after water drops. Some equipment requires rebuild by the original equipment manufacturer (OEM), or even disposal after a mission. It is the objective of this SBIR topic to modify the design of current legacy equipment to accomplish this goal, using the latest material science and manufacturing techniques without requiring the use of additional equipment and supplies. The focus this topic should be on non-textile components. Success will be measured in reduction of maintenance time between drops and elimination (or reduction at a minimum) of corrosion present on the equipment after a water airdrop, all at current or higher reliability. Cost new waterproof hardware should be no more than 40% greater than hardware costs.

PHASE I: Identify potential technologies for improvements in waterproofing airdrop hardware, using current state of the art materials and techniques. Equipment drawings will be updated to show design enhancements. The goal of the Phase I is to demonstrate the feasibility of waterproofing legacy hardware at the manufacturing level with minimal impact to user. Cost trade-off studies will be provided to demonstrate the cost impact of applying such technology to airdrop hardware. Efforts could encompass more than fundamental changes to the hardware design(s) by providing the user hardware which surpasses current Army maintenance models. The deliverable of this phase will include drawings, prototypes (if fabricated), calculations and commercial sources for all new materials proposed for use. Hardware to be considered in this effort are the Effective Force Transfer Coupling (EFTC), the parachute release (M-1, M-2 and ACPRS), and Type V platform (see references).

PHASE II: Modify existing equipment designs to include waterproofing measures, while maintaining existing rigging and operational procedures for cargo airdrop equipment. Fabricate improved hardware and delivery to test site within seven months of Phase II award.

Demonstrate updated hardware with waterproofing measures in place to validate form, fit and function are unchanged during intended use. Initial testing of updated hardware will occur at Yuma Proving Ground using qualified military or Government provided contractor rigging personnel. This initial testing will verify the waterproofed systems still function as intended in a standard airdrop on dry land. Testing will then move to water airdrops using the new waterproof hardware to validate the waterproofing designs.

PHASE III DUAL USE APPLICATIONS: Hardware protected from water encroachment has potential in the consumer and military electronics, as well as other areas where the risk of water damage is present. Advances in waterproofing and manufacturing in general could provide benefits far beyond military operations

REFERENCES:

• Airdrop of Supplies and Equipment: Rigging Airdrop Platforms; Airdrop Derigging and Recovery Procedures; Reference Data for Airdrop Platforms, TM 4-48.02 http://armypubs.army.mil/doctrine/DR_pubs/dr_a/pdf/tm4_48x02.pdf
• Airdrop of Supplies and Equipment: Rigging Typical Supply Loads. FM 4-20.112
   
  http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/library/policy/army/fm/4-20-112/
• Unit Maintenance for Ancillary Equipment for Low Velocity Airdrop System (LVADS), TM 10-1670-296-20&P
   
  http://www.liberatedmanuals.com/TM-10-1670-298-20-and-P.pdf

KEYWORDS: Airdrop, parachute, LVAD, waterproof, Manufacturing

TECHNOLOGY AREA(S): Materials/Processes

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this effort is to develop an improved general purpose (GP) tent fabric in support of the Army Standard Family of Soft Wall Shelters (ASF-SWS) draft Capability Development Document (CDD). This fabric will enhance the survivability of tensioned or non-tensioned tents, and should exhibit a high level of flexural durability under multi-dimensional stressing in extreme temperatures. The fabric shall also be flame resistant, opaque for the purpose of providing blackout, and compatible with current and future manufacturing technologies. The proposed solution may be coated, laminated, electro-spun or produced by any other method as determined by the proposing entity.

DESCRIPTION: The Army seeks an advanced technical material capable of meeting the planned requirements set forth within the ASF-SWS draft CDD. The fabric shall be flame resistant, durable, flexible, lightweight and compatible with existing manufacturing techniques. The production-level fabric shall have a target cost not to exceed $12/sq. yd. To guide the development of the desired fabric, adherence to the following GP tent system characteristics is required:

Flammability: All fabric materials used for tent construction shall be lightweight and shall be fire, water and mildew resistant. All parts of the tent system shall be resistant to the deteriorating effects of rot, fungus, mildew or corrosion under both operational and storage conditions, wet or dry. All materials shall allow for tent striking for storage with minimum drying time to preclude mildew. All tent fabric including roof, walls, floor, liner, partitions, plenum, modesty curtain, tie tapes, fly’s, guy lines and ropes shall be flame resistant, self-extinguishing within two seconds when tested IAW ASTM D6413, and shall have no flaming melt drip or molten pieces when exposed to flame or heat.

Field Life: The tent shall have a minimum field life of three (3) years. No part of the tent shall be degraded beyond use by the environmental conditions. The tent shall not suffer any reduction in capability due to the effects of weathering over the three-year field life of the system. The MGPTS is expected to have a typical usage of 28 erect/strike cycles per year during peacetime operations.

Temperature: Tent shall be fully operable in ambient temperatures between -60 °F to +120 °F. There shall not be increased component stiffness in cold temperatures that prevents the setup/strike of the system. There shall not be any weaknesses due to high temperatures that prevent the setup/strike of the system. There shall not be any deformation, fractures, discoloration or tears of material due to temperature.

Shelf Life: The tent shall have a minimum shelf life of 10 years. No part of the tent shall be degraded beyond use by storage while wet or dry. All parts of the tent system shall be resistant to the deteriorating effects of rot, fungus, mildew or corrosion. The tent components shall not suffer any loss of strength, increased water permeability or light emissivity due to storage and transportation at temperatures as low as -60 °F or as high as 180 °F. The tent shall be able to be setup after storage at these temperatures with no damage or degradation or loss of operational use. This requirement applies to new tents still in their original crates.

Wind Load: The tent and all component parts, when setup per the manufacturer's instructions, shall be capable of withstanding a steady wind of 50 miles per hour for 30 minutes and wind gusts of 65 mph in 10 second durations from any direction, over the end or side surface of the tent perpendicular to the direction of the wind without sustaining damage which prevents the tent from being taken down and setup again. This test applies to conditions where the guy lines (high wind guy lines) are anchored in a way that eliminates the possibility of the guy lines coming loose.

Sunlight: The tent shall withstand exposure to direct sunlight for 18 months. Components exposed to direct sunlight or in contact with components exposed to direct sunlight shall tolerate material temperatures up to 160 °F without degradation which affects the ability to setup or strike the tent, reduces the blackout capability of the tent, reduces the ability of the tent to support the required snow load or reduces the ability of the tent to resist rain intrusion.

Snow Load: The tent shall support a snow load of 10 pounds per square foot per AR 70-38, on the fly (if applicable) and roof for a maximum period of 12 hours without sustaining damage that prevents the tent from being taken down and setup again.

Wind Driven Rain: The tent without liner shall be capable of withstanding a wind-driven rain at 2 inches per hour with wind speeds of 50 miles per hour (MPH) for 30 minutes with three (3) occurrences of five (5) second wind gusts to 65 mph within the same 30-minute period. The tent shall also withstand 35 mph wind-driven rain at a rate of one (1) inch per hour for three (3) hours without evidence of leakage through the tent fabric, flaps, seams or vents that would result in degradation of safety or loss of mission capability.

Humidity: The performance of the tent shall not be adversely affected by ambient humidity between zero and 100% (relative humidity), regardless of ambient temperature.

Blackout: The fully erected tent system in any configuration without liner shall show no evidence of detectable light leakage through the fabric or any openings when viewed with the naked eye at 100 meters or with the aid of night vision goggles at 300 meters. Blackout compliance shall be maintained during personnel entry/exit through the vestibule, and with the tent setup on varying terrain as defined herein.

Condensation: The tent shall minimize condensation on the inside of the tent that may adversely affect personnel or loss of mission capability.

Mildew and fungus: The tent shall resist dry rot, fungus and mildew encountered in tropical climates.

Environmental Acids: The tent shall resist damage from acids, including acid rain and bird droppings.

Petroleum Products Resistance: All components shall resist damage by petroleum products used by the military such as, but not limited to, diesel and jet fuel. The definition of damage includes visual evidence of permanent discoloration, or material breakdown including pitting, shredding, softening, or weakening of the fabric material.

Color: Exterior color of all fabric components shall be green or tan. Interior facing sides of the liners and or tent fabric shall be a light color, to reflect light. All components shall have a dull finish to reduce reflectance. The specular gloss of the exposed side of the tent shall be less than 2.0 on the face side. All screening in the tent shall be green for temperate tents or aluminum for desert tan tents.

PHASE I: The awardee shall propose a six (6) month period of performance with a three (3) month option period, to research and develop an improved GP fabric. This new GP fabric shall support all aforementioned performance characteristics of the end item tent system.

The awardee shall also perform market research on all existing fabrics that may support this project. It is desirable for the fabric to be novel, and thereby exhibit improvements upon existing GP fabrics.

In addition, in order to fulfill reporting requirements, the awardee shall report monthly on their progress, in the form of a 4-8 page technical report indicating accomplishments, project progress and spending against schedule, tables, graphics, and any other associated test data.

Deliverables:

• Six (6) monthly reports, culminating in a 7th “Final” report at the end of the six (6) month base-period.
• A separate Market Research report, highlighting existing and future fabric materials and technologies in support of this effort.
• A total of six (6) 12” by 12” square swatch samples of developed fabric, showcasing three (3) different candidate fabric solutions. In other words, each candidate solution is represented by two (2) swatch samples, and three (3) candidate solutions must be delivered.
• Limited evidence of candidate fabrics’ or fabric components’ ability to meet GP tent system characteristics. This limited evidence may include fabric testing and/or component material specifications.

PHASE II: Phase II is a significant R&D effort resulting in a full-scale, prototype GP tent. Additionally, the GP fabric developed must be producible in 500 yard lengths or more in an automated manner. The Phase II effort will significantly improve upon on the performance and manufacturability of the fabric technology developed under Phase I. Awardee may choose to work with another vendor to facilitate the patterning and construction of the tent system. This effort will not exceed 2 years or $1M in cost.

Required Phase II tasks and deliverables will include:

• Evidence of the developed fabric meeting or exceeding 90% of the GP tent system characteristics. This evidence shall be in the form of test reports and other supporting documentation. All testing shall utilize standard test equipment and methodologies whenever possible. Proposing entity may develop their own test methods, but is asked to elaborate on the procedures through reporting.
• Incorporate further improvements to performance and manufacturability of fabric based on discoveries in Phase I. In addition, provide evidence of fabric being capable of seaming, adhesion, heat sealing, and/or radio-frequency (RF) welding.
• 500 yards of improved fabric on a roll 60” in width, produced in a manufacturing relevant environment.
• A complete tensioned or non-tensioned GP tent system, constructed from the yardage listed above. It is expected that the tent will require approximately 250 yards of fabric.

PHASE III DUAL USE APPLICATIONS: The initial use of this technology is for military applications, but we foresee an extension of the technology to other governmental organizations and commercial industry. Products developed under the Phase I and Phase II efforts will also aim to improve comparable commercial products. Items that may incorporate improved fabric technology are as follows:

• Tent rental industry
• Disaster relief shelters
• Recreational tents
• Structures that provide habitation for organizations such as the National Science Foundation during ice plug drilling in Greenland/Antarctica
• Application to other military cold/hot weather deployed assets consisting of fabric sub-components: such as bags, wraps, storage containers, floor systems, and tonneau covers.

REFERENCES:

• Joint Committee on Tactical Shelters (JOCOTAS)
   
  http://nsrdec.natick.army.mil/media/print/JOCOTAS.pdf
• Guide for Tactical Training Bases, Shelters Handbook
   
  http://nsrdec.natick.army.mil/media/print/ShelterGuide.pdf
• MIL-PRF-44103 – Performance Specification – Cloth, Fire, Water and Weather Resistant
• MIL-PRF-20696 – Performance Specification – Cloth, Waterproof, Weather Resistant

KEYWORDS: fabric, textile, weave, yarn, PVC, ABS, polyethylene, urethane, tensile, blocking, fade, UV, cold, hot, delamination, cracking, stretch, coating, lamination, braid, non-woven, shelter, tent, billeting, expeditionary, base camp, soldier, Warfighter, military

 

 

TECHNOLOGY AREA(S): Weapons

The technology within this topic is restricted under the International Traffic in Arms Regulation (ITAR), which controls the export and import of defense-related material and services. Offerors must disclose any proposed use of foreign nationals, their country of origin, and what tasks each would accomplish in the statement of work in accordance with section 5.4.c.(8) of the solicitation.

OBJECTIVE: Develop novel advanced vision based precision guidance & closed-loop control, linked to real time video touch screen control, for gun-launched projectiles.

DESCRIPTION: Current precision munitions use GPS for their primary guidance and navigation system, typically in a "fire and forget" mode where the target is pre-programmed. The Army is investigating alternatives to GPS, including vision based technologies, to provide precision guidance & closed-loop control, linked into real time video touch screen control, for gun-launched projectiles. This will allow future projectiles to have guidance, navigation and control tied in to real time video control on a user terminal. Development of this system will allow projectiles to change course and attack target(s) that the user either preprograms or directs the projectile to target by touch screen as the projectile flies, maintaining a target track once the user identifies it. This Topic will specifically investigate novel and state-of-the-art video systems that will be embedded into the munition (ranging from 40mm to 155mm), survive gunfire shock (up to 20,000 g's), survive other extreme environments (hot and cold temperature, transportation shock/vibration, etc. - the final system will be tested against the requirements of MIL-STD-810). The video must provide the required level of fidelity and resolution in real time while the munition is in flight, and must be able to detect targets on the ground in all weather conditions (light, dark, fog, sand, dust, etc.). The Army is not looking for COTS systems to satisfy this need. This Topic is NOT intended to develop the control actuation system, as this is being developed separately. Once awarded a Phase I, the company will be provided interface information that will allow for the vision based guidance and navigation technology to interact with the control actuation system, as well as more specific technical performance requirements. The target unit cost for this sub-system is less than $100.00 in large volume.

PHASE I: Phase I will consist of an engineering study that indicates how the proposed technology will meet requirements with sufficient technical rationale based on analysis, demonstration, testing, and/or models and simulations. Phase I will result in a laboratory prototype and accompanying report that documents Phase I progress and indicates how the technology will be further developed in Phase II.

PHASE II: Phase II objectives are 1) prototype development of a representative munition (inert) with the video guidance and navigation technology integrated, and interfacing with the Control Actuation System 2) Analysis of the prototype in a simulated operational environment fired from a representative weapon and demonstrated at an appropriate facility, and 3) a final report documenting results/success and recommendations for further development.

PHASE III DUAL USE APPLICATIONS: The Army is currently investigating multiple calibers of guided munitions that this technology could transition to. Commercial applications could include the unmanned aerial system/drone industry and surveillance applications, as well as high speed robotic ground platforms.

REFERENCES:

• Very Affordable Precision Projectile System and Flight Experiments; Frank Fresconi, Gordon Brown, Ilmars Celmins, James DeSpirito, Mark Ilg, James Maley, Phil Magnotti, Adam Scanlan, Chris Stout, Ernesto Vazquez; http://www.dtic.mil/ndia/2011gunmissile/Wednesday11635_Stout.pdf
• Open source computer-vision based guidance system for UAVs on-board decision making; Choi, Hyunwoong, Geeves, Mitchell, Alsalam, Bilal, & Gonzalez, Luis F. (2016); http://eprints.qut.edu.au/93430/
• Autonomous Control of GPS Denied Guided Airdrop Systems Using Radio Beacon Feedback; Martin R. Cacan, Georgia Institute of Technology; Edward Scheuermann, Georgia Institute of Technology; Michael B. Ward, Georgia Institute of Technology; Mark Costello, Georgia Institute of Technology, AIAA Guidance, Navigation, and Control Conference San Diego, California, USA; http://arc.aiaa.org/doi/abs/10.2514/6.2016-1143
• Precision Weapons, Raytheon Company; http://www.raytheon.com/capabilities/precision/
• What are Precision Guided Munitions?; Megan Mitchell, BAE Systems, Inc.; http://www.baesystems.com/en-us/feature/precision-guided-munitions

KEYWORDS: Camera, real time, vision based, guidance, navigation, target recognition, target tracking, precision ammunition, precision munition, flight control

 

 

TECHNOLOGY AREA(S): Air Platform

OBJECTIVE: Design and demonstrate rapid and agile approaches to secure modular avionics architectures, incorporating emerging standards-based avionics approaches such as Future Airborne Capabilities Environment (FACE), Integrated Modular Avionics (IMA), Hardware Open Systems Technologies (HOST), Open Mission Systems (OMS), Joint Common Architecture (JCA), System of Systems Architecture (SOSA), and/or other standards for reusable avionics.

DESCRIPTION: Reusable and modular software drive improvements in commercial software development, but in the avionics domain, particularly in defense aviation, rapid and agile software development practices, innovations in Model-Based Systems Engineering (MBSE), Software Design Patterns, and improvements in software development and testing processes are limited. New research and the emergence of standards create new opportunities to innovate avionics architectures in ways to implement a “highly aligned” (to what?) and “loosely coupled” (in what way?) paradigm to achieve more modular software. Key among these innovations are true hardware portability across hosts to decouple the avionics software and hardware qualification processes and software modularity to allow rapid incorporation / replacement of new or modified capabilities.

Aided by new tools, technologies, processes, and standards, small businesses have an opportunity to demonstrate innovative new approaches to developing avionics architectures. This includes, but is not limited to, approaches for software interfaces, partitioning, incorporation of MBSE practices and Architectural Centric Virtual Integration Processes (ACVIPs), automated software testing, data management, secure processing, encryption, and related technologies to improve the speed, quality, and security of avionics software development. FACE Units of Portability (UoPs) must be incorporated for acceptance; use of other open standards is encouraged.

PHASE I: Design and demonstrate innovations for the overall Mission Systems Architecture (MSA) to allow rapid integration of new capabilities through FACE UoPs and similar emerging standards. Capabilities might include sensors, navigation, flight-related algorithms, and communications. Phase I Deliverables will include software design artifacts.

PHASE II: Develop a prototype architecture suitable for a proof-of-concept demonstration on avionics hardware. The proof of concept will demonstrate; hardware portability across hosts, software modularity, and system security in a representative avionics architecture supplied by the sponsor. Phase II Deliverables will include functional software and completed designs. Capture of requirements, design, and verification results will support qualification and certification.

PHASE III DUAL USE APPLICATIONS: The small business is expected to obtain funding from non-SBIR government and private sector sources to transition the technology into viable commercial products. Rapid and agile software development processes and architectures have broad application in the civil avionics domain, including commercial and private aircraft. The innovation of technology and processes in support of rapid fielding of avionics and improvements to the security of the aviation architecture will benefit the defense and commercial avionics industrial base, perhaps also crossing into automotive or other embedded software domains. Specific military applications may include FVL Capability Sets 1-5 and/or architecture upgrades to Apache, UAS platforms, UH-60M, CH-47, MH-60/47, Navy's MH-60R/S, Aircraft Survivability Equipment, Degraded Visual Environment, etc.

REFERENCES:

• FACE Technical Standard, ARINC-653, POSIX, DO-178, DO-326, AR 70-62, MIL-STD-882E, SAE ARP 4754, SAE ARP 4761, Risk Management Framework

KEYWORDS: FACE, IMA, JCA, HOST, OMS, SOSA, MBSE, Joint Common Architecture, Integrated Modular Avionics, Software Airworthiness, Mission Systems Architecture, Reusable Avionics Software, Model Based Systems Engineering, Avionics Software Development, Open Systems, Modular and Open Systems Architecture.

 

 

TECHNOLOGY AREA(S): Electronics

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this proposal is to define and develop a solution by sensing the spectrum environment and adopting a deep learning artificial intelligence algorithm to switch the modulations schemes and frequencies. This will allow mitigating interference and non-contiguous mini-bands and the proposed solution will address issues related to limitations on bandwidth and spectrum availability. The source code must be compatible with the SCA (Software Communications Architecture) 2.2.2 or later architecture and research must be conducted to evaluate the feasibility of the proposed design and a functioning prototype.

DESCRIPTION: Military Mobile Ad Hoc Networks (MANETs) associated with the Wideband Networking Waveform (WNW) and the Soldier Radio Waveform (SRW) are being challenged with the electromagnetic spectrum availability both in the US and the international spectrum AOR (Area of Responsibility). It is generally expressed that spectrum insufficiency in wireless communications is due to the inadequacy of static frequency distribution rather than the intense usage of the spectrum. To overcome this limitation, spectrum sensing is the process of obtaining adequate information regarding the spectrum usage and existence of primary users in a geographical region is essential (Ref. 1) followed by adaptive and intelligent allocation of frequency use.

In recent years, Cognitive Radios (CR) as well as Software Defined Radios (SDR) are considered as potential candidates addressing spectrum efficiencies and allocations. Commercial wireless systems are exploring techniques such as spectrum sensing using Artificial Intelligence (AI) to minimize energy consumption and optimize resource allocations (Ref. 2). As an initial step for spectrum flexibility, a static solution without dynamic control would increase the utility of SRW by making it possible to utilize in environment where it otherwise might be prohibited. It is believed that spectrum sensing using AI will be significant enablers of future military wireless networks as well as for commercial systems.

PHASE I: Research feasibility of the concept and end goal. (1) Establish a baseline exploring the idea of extending spectrum sensing using Artificial Intelligence (AI) for as Software Defined Radios (SDR) applications at a tactical environment, (2) Develop a methodology and analysis the solution approach addressing bandwidth limitation and spectrum availability compatible with the SCA 2.2.2 or later architecture, and (3) Outline a solution approach to layout foundation for a prototype to be used with the radio system.

PHASE II: Develop, demonstrate and validate Phase I selected candidate solution approach that would be a fully functioning, spectrum sensing learning algorithm which works with the current AN/PRC-155 radio system. Update design prototype and algorithm based on testing if necessary at TRL 5.

PHASE III DUAL USE APPLICATIONS: Project Manager Tactical Radios (PM TR) and PdM-Waveforms under PEO C3T can use this application of the learning algorithm to have a dynamic spectrum allocation capability and interference mitigation capabilities. A commercial application could be: The algorithm and method of solution approach could be used in commercial Wi-Fi and home cord less phone systems. The WiFi network would sense an environment which has above average interference from another Wi-Fi network and would determine the amount of changes required to operate properly.

REFERENCES:

• B. Senthilkumar and S. K. Srivatsa, ‘WIDEBAND SPECTRUM SENSING USING ADAPTIVE NEURO FUZZY INFERENCE SYSTEM IN COGNITIVE RADIO NETWORKS’ ARPN Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Vol 10, No. 9, pp. 4055-4060, May 2015
• S. Pattanayak, P. Venkateswaran and R. Nandi, ‘Artificial Intelligence Based Model for Channel Status Prediction: A New Spectrum Sensing Technique for Cognitive Radio’, Int. J. Communications, Network and System Sciences, 2013, 6, 139-148
• N. Abbas Y. Nasser and K. El Ahmad, ‘Recent advances on artificial intelligence and learning techniques in cognitive radio networks’, EURASIP Journal on Wireless Communications and Networking (2015) 2015:174
• K.Leelarani, D. A. Kumari, ‘Efficient Spectrum Sensing Pattern Using Intelligent Matrix in Cognitive Radio Network’, Int. Jour. of Advanced Research in Computer Science & Technology (IJARCST 2014) Vol. 2 Issue Special 1 Jan-March 2014

KEYWORDS: Cognitive Radio (CR), Software Defined Radios (SDR), Artificial Intelligence, Spectrum sensing, Deep Learning

 

 

TECHNOLOGY AREA(S): Electronics

OBJECTIVE: While the loss of GPS would have negative impacts across a broad spectrum of combat functions, this SBIR seeks only to address the basic functions of land navigation. The intent is to develop a solution that will work with the Nett Warrior device in a Common Operating Environment (COE) V3 environment, aid small units in basic land navigation, and alert the user when the GPS signal might have been compromised. Since this solution is intended to support only basic land navigation it does not require the accuracy of real time targeting solutions.

DESCRIPTION: The solution will perform:

Terrain Triangulation

• The phone camera would be used to take a continuous panoramic image of the horizon. The solution will identify multiple significant terrain features and landmarks, compare with a stored database and triangulate the user’s position and triangulate the user’s position.

Cell Phone Tower Triangulation

• When available, the solution should use cell Tower Triangulation to determine the location of the user

Celestial Navigation

• The solution performs the functions of the sextant by capturing the "sights," or angular measurements taken between a celestial body (the sun, the moon, a planet or a star) and the visible horizon. The solution should make reference he coordinates 57 navigational stars in the Nautical Almanac.

Inertial Navigation

• The solution should make full use of available sensors which can measure the motion, position, and orientation of the Nett Warrior.
• This functionality should display on the Nett Warrior display the relative progress of the user overlaid on a digital map.
• The user should be able to manually update the Inertial Navigation System (INS) position with a more accurate position, such as based on a surveyed point or triangulation when it is available.

Operation “Off Line”

• The solution shall work when GPS is unavailable and during intermittent communications outages.

PHASE I: The Phase One deliverable will be a comprehensive white paper:

• Trade studies and demonstration for the functions of the system.
• Discussing all non-GPS means of navigation and how that can be applied to the Nett Warrior end user equipment using the Android OS.
• Discussing means of determining and displaying GPS integrity within the Android environment.
• Identifying the limitations of the approach and make recommendations on an evolutionary development process if necessary.
• Defining what data and formulas which must be stored on the device. Defining the processing, power, and storage needs imposed on Nett Warrior for a proposed duty cycle.
• Including a notional baseline schedule for development of a prototype.
• Identify Phase II risks and plan for risk mitigation.
• A system specification for Phase II.

PHASE II:

• Develop and demonstrate a prototype solution in a commercial Android environment.
• Validate the software will interoperate in the COE v3 environment on Nett Warrior Hardware.

Phase Two deliverables will include:

• A baseline schedule for Phase III.
• Monthly Progress reports. The reports will include all technical challenges, technical risk, and progress against the schedule.
• Software source and object code, version description document, software user manual, and software test report (contractor format is acceptable).
• The final solution which has reached TRL 5.

PHASE III DUAL USE APPLICATIONS: The Software will be productized and prepared for transition to PEO C3T PM Mission Command for integration into the COE v3 environment. At the performer’s discretion, the solution may be productized for sale to other industry markets.

REFERENCES:

• Celestial Navigation.net, ‘Navigation Astronomy’
   
  http://celestialnavigation.net/navigational-astronomy/
• Army Study Guide (A non-government, privately-sponsored website), ‘Land Navigation / Map Reading’
   
  http://www.armystudyguide.com/content/army_board_study_guide_topics/land_navigation_map_reading/land-navigation-map-readi.shtml
• Android Developers Guide, ‘Sensors Overview’
   
  http://developer.android.com/guide/topics/sensors/sensors_overview.html
• Kevin McCaney, ‘Army’s move to Samsung reflects a flexible mobile strategy’
   
  https://defensesystems.com/articles/2014/02/24/army-nett-warrior-samsung-galacy-note-ii.aspx , issue of Defense Systems, February 24 2014

KEYWORDS: Android Celestial, Common Operating Environment (COE)V3, Global Positioning System (GPS), Land Navigation, triangulation, Nett Warrior, Inertial Navigation System (INS), Denied, NW Orienteering, Terrain, non-GPS, Position Navigation Timing (PNT), SW Cell.

 

 

TECHNOLOGY AREA(S): Ground/Sea Vehicles

The technology within this topic is restricted under the International Traffic in Arms Regulation (ITAR), which controls the export and import of defense-related material and services. Offerors must disclose any proposed use of foreign nationals, their country of origin, and what tasks each would accomplish in the statement of work in accordance with section 5.4.c.(8) of the solicitation.

OBJECTIVE: Develop and demonstrate a system that purely uses deep learning and inexpensive commercial-off-the-shelf (COTS) sensors to incrementally learn and perform robotic following behaviors with large vehicles.

DESCRIPTION: Army supply convoys currently face numerous threats, such as Improvised Explosive Devices (IEDs), while completing their missions. The current method to address these threats is to add armor, which increases the weight and reduces the mobility of the vehicle. Another method to address these threats is to use robotics and autonomy to remove Soldiers from the vehicle. Developing autonomous ground vehicles is a very difficult challenge due to the numerous situations that a vehicle may encounter. To handle these situations using traditional methods, each scenario needs to be accounted for and explicitly programmed into the system. Given the high number of potential scenarios, programming the system to handle them is very time consuming and costly. The performance of these robotic systems is also limited to scenarios that have been explicitly programmed. A potential way to more rapidly program a system to handle the various scenarios and reduce development costs, is to utilize a lifelong deep learning approach. Deep learning uses neural networks to allow computers to automatically create models and learn using data from sensors, human interaction, and databases.

Deep learning has been shown to be an effective means of performing pattern recognition in other fields and is showing potential to be used for ground vehicle robotics. Recently, a deep learning system was demonstrated that enabled automated highway driving using inexpensive COTS sensors. By collecting human driving data and running it through learning algorithms, the system was able to incrementally achieve large improvements in driving performance in short time frames. Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN) have also been applied as a classifier in determining autonomous vehicle traversability over off-road and on-road terrains. In addition, a CNN has been trained to map raw pixel data from a single camera directly into steering commands, which allowed a system to learn to steer on both local roads and highways, with and without lane markings, using minimal training data from humans.

In order to overcome the challenges with programming robots to handle the countless variables encountered with ground mobility, proposals are sought to develop and demonstrate an inexpensive system that purely uses deep learning and inexpensive COTS sensors, limited to passive cameras and radar, to enable a large vehicle to robotically follow another large vehicle in a convoy. This research is different from in that deep learning will be used to train a vehicle to follow another, rather than drive fully on its own. The ultimate vision of this project is to take a large vehicle equipped with sensors and equipment, have a driver follow a lead vehicle (that is not equipped with sensors) along arbitrary routes, process the data with learning algorithms, and then have the system perform the steering, throttle, and brake control to follow the lead vehicle on subsequent runs. It is expected that the system may not perform well initially, but it should incrementally improve with each run as it learns from additional data collected. The system should also be capable of sharing its knowledge with other robotic follower vehicles. The environment for this topic will be limited to daytime operations on improved roads (paved or unpaved) and include typical on-road static and dynamic obstacles such as other vehicles, construction barrels, and pedestrians. The distances for following will range from 10 meters to 150 meters. The scenarios will start simple with speeds below 45 km/h on good roads with gentle curves and static obstacles, and then increase in complexity as the system improves and safety permits. Later scenarios might include lower quality roads, higher speeds (up to 90 km/h), sharper turns, and additional obstacles (both static and dynamic). Costs of the prototype system may be higher, but the cost target for a production system is less than $25k. Both online and offline learning techniques are acceptable. The testing should show that the system does not overfit to specific training sets and can perform in environments and conditions that are different from the training. The system should also be capable of operating in GPS-denied and communication-denied environments.

PHASE I: Develop a concept design for a system using lifelong deep learning and inexpensive COTS sensors to perform robotic following with large vehicles. The deliverables shall be a concept design report and performance analysis report. The concept design should include a description of the system architecture, algorithms, sensors, and computing requirements. The performance analysis should show the effectiveness of the algorithms in tests conducted in simulation using collected real-world data sets.

PHASE II: Using the Phase I concept design, the contractor shall develop, integrate, and demonstrate a prototype system that can incrementally learn robotic following behaviors on a large vehicle, using deep learning algorithms and inexpensive COTS sensors. The system deliverables shall include: design documentation, interface control documents (ICDs), software, and hardware. The integration and demonstration shall be performed using a large vehicle (provided by the government) that is already equipped with drive-by-wire capability. The environment and operating conditions for the final demonstration should be on improved roads, during the day, and at speeds ranging from 45 km/h to 90 km/h.

PHASE III DUAL USE APPLICATIONS: A potential military application of the deep learning system is to integrate into the Autonomous Ground Resupply (AGR) program, which will then transition into the Leader Follower Program of Record. There is potential additional application for the system to expand into full autonomy and transition into the Autonomous Convoy Operations Program of Record. A potential commercial applications of the system could be to enable platooning within the trucking industry. There are also potential agricultural applications where more than one piece of equipment and operator is required to perform a task.

REFERENCES:

• A. Vance, "The First Person to Hack the iPhone Built a Self-Driving Car. In His Garage," 16 December 2015. [Online]. Available: http://www.bloomberg.com/features/2015-george-hotz-self-driving-car/?cmpid=twtr1.
• D. Ciresan, U. Meier and J. Schmidhuber, "Multi-column Deep Neural Networks for Image Classification," IDSIA-04-12, Manno, Switzerland, February 2012.
• "2014 Autonomous Mobility Applique System - Capabilities Advancement Demonstration (AMAS CAD)," RDECOM TARDEC, 2014. [Online]. Available: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HseUNLP6q24.
• S. Hatfield, "Army Robotics Modernization," 25 August 2015. [Online]. Available: http://www.ndia.org/Divisions/Divisions/Robotics/Documents/Hatfield.pdf.
• D. Erhan, A. Courville, Y. Bengio and P. Vincent, "Why Does Unsupervised Pre-Training Help Deep Learning?," Universite de Montreal, Montreal, 2010.
• R. Hadsell, P. Sermanet, J. Ben, A. Erkan, M. Scoffier, K. Kavukcuoglu and U. L. Y. Muller, "Learning Long-Range Vision for Autonomous Off-Road Driving," J. Field Robotics, no. 26, pp. 120-144, 2009.
• L. Linhui, W. Mengmeng, D. Xinli, L. Jing and Z. Yunpeng, "Convolutional Neural Network Applied to Traversability Analysis of Vehicles," Advances in Mechanical Engineering, 2013.
• M. Bojarski, D. Del Testa, D. Dworakowski, B. Firner, B. Flepp, P. Goyal, L. D. Jackel, M. Monfort, U. Muller, J. Zhang, X. Zhang, J. Zhao and K. Zieba, "End to End Learning for Self-Driving Cars," NVIDIA Corporation, 2016.

KEYWORDS: Autonomy, Robotics, Leader Follower, Unmanned, Ground Vehicle, Vehicle Control, Deep Learning, Machine Learning, Artificial Intelligence

 

 

TECHNOLOGY AREA(S): Ground/Sea Vehicles

OBJECTIVE: Develop an actively controlled system to reduce the noise emitted from cooling fan and/or blower noise by no less than 10 dB

DESCRIPTION: As the noise generated from the engine and drivetrain of power generation systems gets treated to desired levels, the most significant noise source left to eliminate is the noise generated by air mover for the cooling system. Current state of the art systems have been developed for computer fan noise that imbed magnets in the fan to be used to create the noise canceling sound wave. This solution is not practical for military applications because of the extreme environment that the solution will see in application and the extreme vibration of military applications. The solution desired in this topic shall be innovative in that it could be used over a wide temperature range (-40 F to 145 F) and be applicable to both conventional fan/radiator applications as well as in blowers used to feed air to fuel cell stacks.

PHASE I: Should include a feasibility study to include how the solution would accommodate the temperature ranges and the fan/radiator as well as the blower applications. The control strategy shall be determined and evaluated showing conformance for the fore mentioned variables. A proof of control concept shall be demonstrated for technical merit. A system durability evaluation shall be included to prove the technical merit of the solution. The commercial merit shall be evaluated with an estimate for final cost

PHASE II: The system shall be developed and demonstrated to show the ability to produce the desired results in at the extremes of the temperature range. The system shall also be demonstrated on the fan/radiator and the blower applications. The durability of the system shall be demonstrated through an accelerated life cycle vibration test for a potential application. The final solution shall be evaluated to determine the commercial viability in phase II also.

PHASE III DUAL USE APPLICATIONS: Applications for this system shall be for a military Auxiliary Power Units (APU) application that uses a fan/radiator system and for a blower in a fuel cell application. The potential commercial application includes fuel cell vehicles and commercial bus applications where the cooling fan noise is significant for pedestrians.

REFERENCES:

• http://gizmodo.com/first-active-noise-canceling-computer-fan-will-finally-513446648
• http://www.google.com/patents/US5448645
• https://www.irjet.net/archives/V3/i2/IRJET-V3I288.pdf
• http://www.geek.com/chips/noctua-adds-active-noise-cancellation-to-a-cpu-fan-1495099/

KEYWORDS: active noise control, fan, blower

 

 

TECHNOLOGY AREA(S): Materials/Processes

OBJECTIVE: Develop processes, characterize material properties and integrate process modeling with structural finite element analysis to accommodate the integration of metallic coated polymers for reduced weight missile structures.

DESCRIPTION: Advances in coating and plating technology allow the application of metallic layers on the exterior of polymer and polymer composite structures. These layers improve the stiffness and strength of structures with minimal added weight. This technology can provide a new approach to light-weight, wear-resistant, damage tolerant structures, such as brackets and housings that contain built-in fastening points for easy assembly. Metal structures possess high strength/high wear resistance but come with a weight penalty. On the other hand, polymer based parts are lightweight but usually require extensive post machining to create fastening points (e.g. flanges with insert holes), and/or installation of metallic inserts as a costly secondary setup. An ideal structure would be built near net-shape and meet strength and damage tolerance performance needs, while also containing integrated fastening points for quick assembly and integration into the system. The fastening points need to handle high wear from assembly/re-assembly or from high frictional wear from moving or sliding components that comes in contact with thru holes.

Development is needed to advance this technology for missile applications and fill two main technology gaps:

• Improve and demonstrate the repeatability of the adhesion and durability of these coatings. Adhesion and durability repeatability should be demonstrated within +/- 5% based on testing six specimens and three separate batches.
• While the stiffness improvements can be predicted reasonably with the rule of mixtures and plating thicknesses can be predicted using process modeling software, development is needed to integrate process modeling software, i.e., plating thickness predictions with finite element analysis and improve the predicted strength throughout the plated component to within +/- 10% of actual realized performance.

Materials and processes must adhere to applicable OSHA and EPA regulations. Avoid the use of hexavalent chromium and cadmium.

PHASE I: Demonstrate the coating or plating of polymer and composite structures using a parametric approach to evaluate the polymer, composite and metallic combinations that are feasible with this technology. Down-select to a subset of two material combinations based on expected strength enhancement and characterize the strength and stiffness improvements of a range of plating thicknesses at the coupon level using tensile and flexural testing. Also, at the coupon level, evaluate the adhesion and thermal cycling endurance per ASTM B533, ASTM D4541, and ASEP-TP201 of the down-selected coatings. Validate the processes on an analog component on the scale of at least a 4 inch cube with multiple recessed areas and 90 degree corners (Army TPOC can provide models of an analog component). Plating process analysis should be performed and integrated into the structural analysis for strength prediction, and validated within 10% of predicted tensile strength performance through fabrication and testing.

PHASE II: Demonstrate the new process on a relevant missile component or structure. This demonstration should include component and system level structural analysis, fabrication, non-destructive evaluation, metrology to verify dimensional accuracy, structural, dynamic and environmental testing. Three different applications are required to demonstrate repeatability of the entire design and fabrication process.

PHASE III DUAL USE APPLICATIONS: Demonstrate the process on a relevant Army application, and provide complete engineering and test documentation for development of manufacturing prototypes. A relevant application could include weight reduction from missile components or structures in an existing and/or future system application.

REFERENCES:

• An, N., Tandon, G.P., & Pochiraju, K.V. (2013). Thermo-oxidative performance of metal-coated polymers and composites. Surface and Coatings Technology, 232, 166-172.
• Giraud, D., Borit, F., Guipont, V., Jeandin, M., & Malhaire, J.M. (2012). Metallization of a polymer using cold spray: Application to aluminum coating of polyamide 66. Proceedings of the International Thermal Spray Conference, 265-270.
• Lupoi, R. & O'Neill, W. (2010). Deposition of metallic coatings on polymer surfaces using cold spray. Surface and Coatings Technology, 205(7), 2167-2173.
• Panchuk, D.A., Bazhenov, S.L., Bol'Shakova, A.V., Yarysheva, L.M., Volynskii, A.L., & Bakeev, N.F. (2011) Correlation between structure and stress-strain characteristics of metallic coatings deposited onto a polymer by the method of ionic plasma sputtering. Polymer Science - Series A, 53(3), 211-216.
• Panchuk, D.A., Puklina, E.A., Bol'Shakova, A.V., Abramchuk, S.S., Grokhovskaya, T.E., Yablokov, M.Yu., Gil'Man, A.B., Yarysheva, L.M., Volynskii, A.L., & Bakeev, N.F. Structural aspects of the deposition of metal coatings on polymer films. Polymer Science - Series A, 52(8), 801-805.
• Zhou, Z., Li, D., Zeng, J., & Zhang, Z. (2007). Rapid fabrication of metal-coated composite stereolithography parts. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers B, Journal of Engineering Manufacture, 221(9), 1431-1440.
• Panchuk, D.A., Sadakbaeva, Zh.K., Puklina, E.A., Bol'Shakova, A.V., Abramchuk, S.S., Yarysheva, L.M., Volynskii, A.L., & Bakeev, N.F. (2009). The structure of interfacial layer between the metallic coating and the polymer substrate. Nanotechnologies in Russia, 4(5-6), 340-348.

KEYWORDS: structural metallic plating, structural metallic coatings, metallic coating of polymers, metallic

 

TECHNOLOGY AREA(S): Electronics

The technology within this topic is restricted under the International Traffic in Arms Regulation (ITAR), which controls the export and import of defense-related material and services. Offerors must disclose any proposed use of foreign nationals, their country of origin, and what tasks each would accomplish in the statement of work in accordance with section 5.4.c.(8) of the solicitation.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this effort is to develop compact high power broadband antennas that can withstand the electrical and thermal stresses of high repetition rate signals.

DESCRIPTION: The US Army has programs that require very compact electrically small antennas that are capable of handling the electrical and thermal stresses of high repetition rate signals. Electrically small antennas are antennas that radiate signals having wavelengths greater than the dimensions of the antenna. For example, a lambda/10 antenna, where lambda is the wavelength, is one that radiate wavelengths that are 10 times longer than the characteristic dimensions of the antenna. Newer transmitter systems being developed by the Army and Department of Defense (DoD) have mobility and Radio Frequency (RF) characteristics that are hard to match with present RF emitters. New test RF systems exist which have very high pulse repetition frequencies giving them high peak and average powers at the same time. The cell phone companies have developed electrically small antennas, but they are not efficient and cannot handle high powers. However, it may be possible to leverage some of their developments. The most recent advances in electrically small antennas have been based on the development of new materials and geometric configurations; e.g., fractal structures. The Army is seeking innovative approaches for developing efficient electrically small broadband antennas. The antennas currently of interest must fit into medium to small geometric spaces with minimized back lobes to minimize the possibility of fratricide.

PHASE I: Design an electrically small broadband antennas and perform sufficient proof-of-principle experiments to verify that the designed antennas can efficiently radiate frequencies of interest (20 MHz - 1 GHz), can withstand high peak powers (10 MW), a pulse length of 6 ns, and a pulse repetition frequency of 200 kHz.

PHASE II: Based on the results of Phase I, continue to develop efficient electrically small antennas by exploring new materials such as nano-materials and metamaterials and by assessing environmental effects these antennas may be prone to. Work with the systems developers to ensure that the antennas can meet the form factor requirements.

Baseline specification for new antennas include:

• An antenna radiates efficiently in the frequency band from 20 MHz to 1 GHz when incorporated into RF transmitter systems.
• Can withstand high peak powers (10 MW).
• A pulse length of 10 ns.
• A pulse repetition frequency of 400 kHz.
• An 8 hr. transmitter on time.

Ideally the phase II proposer will also extend the work in 1 GHz blocks up to a maximum frequency of 6.0 GHz.

PHASE III DUAL USE APPLICATIONS: There are many military and commercial uses for antennas including communications, radars, and various sensors. In particular, the results of this effort will be of interest to cell phone companies, which are continuing to fund the development of electrically small antennas. Likewise, there are many military platforms that require compact broadband antennas including Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs), missiles, munitions of various types, and satellites. If successful, the most immediate transition path is the delivery of a new class transmitter to Program Executive Office Missiles and Space (PEO-MS).

Baseline specification for a Phase III antennas would include:

• A family of antennas that radiate efficiently in the frequency band from 20 MHz to 6 GHz when incorporated into systems
• Can withstand high peak powers (10 MW).
• A pulse length of 10 ns.
• A pulse repetition frequency of 500 kHz.

REFERENCES:

• J.D. Kraus, Antennas, McGraw-Hill Book Company (1950).
• R.A. Cairns and A.D.R. Phelps, Generation and Application of High Power Microwaves, Taylor and Francis (1997).
• D.V. Giri, High-Power Electromagnetic Radiators: Nonlethal Weapons and Other Applications, IEEE Press (2001).
• R.J. Barker and E. Schamiloglu, High-Power Microwave Sources and Technologies, Wiley-IEEE (2001).
• J. Benford, J.A. Swegle, and E. Schamiloglu, High Power Microwaves, 2nd Edition, CRC Press (2007).
• J. Ng, R. W. Ziolkowski, J. S. Tyo, M. C. Skipper, M. D. Abdalla, and J. Martin, “An efficient, electrically small, 3d magnetic ez antenna for hpm applications,” IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci., vol. 40, pp. 3037 – 3045, 2012.

KEYWORDS: Antenna, High Repetition Rate, Effective Radiated Power, High Average Power

 

 

TECHNOLOGY AREA(S): Materials/Processes

OBJECTIVE: To develop new manufacturing methods for Boron Suboxide ceramic powder.

DESCRIPTION: The US Army requires advanced materials and processes for lighter weight and improved ballistic performance of Soldier protective equipment. Ceramic materials including boron carbide (B4C), silicon carbide (SiC), and B4C/SiC hybrids are currently used as strikeface materials in hard armor inserts to defeat armor piercing projectiles. High hardness and high fracture toughness are key material properties required for this application. While current ceramic materials are robust, there is a need for new materials to provide lighter weight armor solutions at same or improved protection levels.

Boron suboxide (B6O) is a promising material for hard armor ballistic applications due to its extremely high hardness. B6O based materials are known as the hardest materials after diamond and cubic boron nitride [1,2]. B6O ceramics have the potential for significant armor performance improvement and weight savings up to 25%.

Current powder synthesis methods are complex, inefficient, demonstrate imperfect stoichiometry, and are only capable of producing very small quantities for academic study and research [3, 4]. Research and development of B6O ceramics is severely limited by availability of B6O powder. A practical, efficient method to produce pure B6O powder is needed.

PHASE I: Demonstrate the feasibility of synthesizing B6O powder with the potential for scale up to large quantities. Develop processes and procedures for small scale manufacturing. Perform powder characterization for composition, phase purity, homogeneity, surface area, and geometrical features of particles and agglomerates e.g. shape, size, and size distribution. Produce a small quantity (1kg) of B6O powder for delivery to the government. Deliver monthly and final reports documenting all research and development activities including all data collected, progress made toward objective, and recommendations. Successful achievement of program objectives will be considered for Phase II. The expected maturity level at the end of Phase I is TRL 4.

PHASE II: Develop a pilot scale production capability to produce on the order of hundreds of kilograms of boron suboxide powder. Conduct parametric investigations to systematically vary the composition and processing parameters to synthesize B6O with controlled and consistent properties e.g. chemical composition, stability, size, shape, etc. Based on these results, demonstrate method to produce B6O powder with consistent properties on the order of hundreds of kilograms. Verify material properties using standard physical and chemical characterization methods. Demonstrate the potential for production scale up of technology to produce quantities on the order of tens of thousands of kgrams of boron suboxide at cost on the order of $100 per pound for 100 lb quantities and $25 per pound in ton quantities. Produce 250 kg of B6O powder using optimal processing parameters derived through parametric studies for delivery to the government. Deliver monthly and final reports documenting all research and development activities including data and analysis, final optimized material properties, and recommendations for production scale up of technology. The expected maturity level at the end of Phase II is TRL 6.

PHASE III DUAL USE APPLICATIONS: Upon successful completion of the research and development in Phases I and II, scale up technology to full production with capability to produce sufficient quantities to support full scale ceramic tile productions levels at cost comparable to current B4C powder. Establish quality assurance processes and procedures to ensure consistent raw material properties. This technology has wide application for U.S. and foreign military, law enforcement, as well as vehicle armor applications. Furthermore, new business opportunities and jobs will be created in development and manufacturing of this material. The expected maturity level at the completion of Phase III is TRL 7.

REFERENCES:

• Hubert, H., Gravie, L., Devouard, B., Buseck, P., Petuskey, W., McMillan, P. High Pressure, High Temperature Synthesis and Characterization of Boron Suboxide (B6O) Chemistry of Materials 10 1998: pp. 1530 – 1537.
   
  http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cm970433+
• Kharlamov, A. I., Kirillova, N. V., Loichenko, S. V., Kostyuk, B. D. Properties of Boron Suboxide B13O2 Powder Metallurgy and Metal Ceramics 41 2002: pp. 97 – 106.
   
  http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1016024901635
• Holcombe, Jr., C.E., Horne, O.J. Method for Preparing Boron Suboxide. 1972
   
  http://www.google.com/patents/US3660031
• Ellison-Hayashi, C., Zandi, M., Shetty, D.K., Kuo, P., Yeckley, R., Csillag, F. 1994.
   
  https://www.google.com/patents/US5330937

KEYWORDS: superhard materials, boron suboxide, ceramic, body armor, manufacturing materials, manufacturing processes

 

TECHNOLOGY AREA(S): Electronics

The technology within this topic is restricted under the International Traffic in Arms Regulation (ITAR), which controls the export and import of defense-related material and services. Offerors must disclose any proposed use of foreign nationals, their country of origin, and what tasks each would accomplish in the statement of work in accordance with section 5.4.c.(8) of the solicitation.

OBJECTIVE: Provide a definitive, reliable, and repeatable means for a sniper team spotter to visually track and precisely determine the missed-distance offset point of a sniper’s round from the intended target.

DESCRIPTION: Currently, a sniper team spotter will visually follow his shooter’s bullet trace to target in order to establish a missed-distance and provide the shooter a corrective X-Y offset (in milliradians) for a follow-on shot. This missed-distance will likely be attributable to unanticipated environmental, weapon and ammunition conditions. Bullet trace is the movement or (vapor) trail of disturbed, compressed air (shock wave) of the bullet as it proceeds in flight. Visually following trace is an acquired spotter skill which requires a very keen eye, discerning imagery, and is limited by prevailing environmental conditions, ammunition characteristics, and the range of the target. Also knowing EXACTLY when the bullet reaches the perpendicular vertical plane of the target is nearly impossible. The desired capability should leverage available technology to visually track a sniper’s bullet external ballistic trajectory in both day and night conditions and automatically determine the appropriate X-Y offset in milliradians of the projected point of impact (in the perpendicular vertical plane of the target) from the shooter’s intended point of aim. Visual tracking means exploiting any appropriate wavelength available without altering the bullet (i.e. adding retro-reflectors or relying on one-way-luminescence technology). The virtual splash (strike/impact) point can be projected by calculating and applying the bullet’s time of flight to target from the instant the bullet is fired, which could be signaled by the sound of the bullet firing. A desired feature would allow a near real-time visual (graphical) plot of the bullet’s path and display it in the spotter’s sight picture. The solution can be an enhancement to the existing M151 Spotting Scope or possibly a next generation spotting scope, to automatically track sniper bullet trace from a shooter’s perspective and determine a corrective missed-distance offset that can be conveyed to and applied by the shooter for a successive follow-on shot in order to hit the target.

PHASE I: Research and propose a viable cost-effective technical solution that satisfies the stated objective. The proposed solution should be the result of an engineering tradeoff analysis conducted among several possible courses of action with a focus on SWaP-C (size, weight, power & costs) considerations. The analysis should detail technical advantages/disadvantages, as well as technical/programmatic risks, and provide rough cost estimates for a fieldable technology. All work performed in Phase I shall be provided in a final report that identifies the best conceptual solution.

PHASE II: Design and build a prototype system based on Phase I recommendations that can demonstrate (validate) anticipated performance in meeting the objective. Test the system in a simulated military environment and submit a Phase II report that includes test and demonstration results. Develop a detailed proposal that outlines required efforts to have a TRL-7 system available to be demonstrated in a military environment.

PHASE III DUAL USE APPLICATIONS: In conjunction with a military customer, optimize and ruggedize the Phase II prototype system for possible insertion within Army sniper teams. The system has potential commercial applicability as a smart automated targeting and training aid for sportsman shooters which can provide immediate shooter feedback. Some other commercial applications for this technology include incorporation in commercially available rifle scopes.

REFERENCES:

• "1000 yard slow motion bullet trace / vapor trail" – YouTube,
   
  (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cSDDWq_YLXg), 7 Jan 2011
• Using bullet trace for accurate compensation - Sniper's Hide
   
  (http://forum.snipershide.info/showthread.php?t=96395)
• Sniper/Spotter/Trace – YouTube (https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLFA6409B017633107)
• Bullet Trace and Vapor Trail - Sniper Country (www.snipercountry.com/hottips/Trace_Vapor.htm)
• The Spotter - How Military Snipers Work | HowStuffWorks (http://science.howstuffworks.com/sniper3.htm)
• seeing bullet path? - Sniper & Sharpshooter Forums (www.sniperforums.com/forum/sop/38-seeing-bullet-path.html, 8 Apr 2004)

KEYWORDS: SNIPER BULLET TRACE TRAJECTORY FLIGHT TRACKING CORRECTIVE OFFSET FOLLOW-ON SHOT

 

 

TECHNOLOGY AREA(S): Human Systems

OBJECTIVE: Develop the ability of Army Aircrews to utilize their flame resistant clothing for transport of power and data without sacrificing launderability or achievements in weight and bulk reduction.

DESCRIPTION: Technology is becoming wearable in both the commercial and military world. Smart watches function as heart-rate monitors and calculate the number of steps taken in a day. Aircrews use radios with push-to-talk buttons and wear Communication Enhancement and Protection System (CEPS) to enhance hearing while wearing the aviation helmet. As radios and computers become smaller and use less power, the potential to connect them to body-mounted batteries and data-transport systems becomes more realistic. Currently, there are ways to transport power through materials: by weaving conductive fibers into a grid structure, through narrow fabrics or by embroidering the fibers into the desired pattern. There is also potential to incorporate a conductive base in a non-woven or knitted fabric. The bridge between the power/data flow and the terminal device (e.g. the connector) is only dependable if ruggedized to endure the soap, water and agitation required by customary laundering practice.

While flexible keyboards, screens, radios and computers are being miniaturized, it is prudent to continue developing the enabling technology of rugged and reliable connectors that can survive laundering as an integrated component of the garment. The connectors should allow recharging of batteries, transmission of power and data in an Army aircraft environment while meeting the following requirements:

Power: 28 Watts (2 to 4 Amps)Data: USB 3.0, SMBus, serial, analog audio and video and Gigabit EthernetSafety of flight, including the following requirements from MIL-STD-810G:

• Temperature/Altitude/Humidity -- 520.3, Procedure III
• Vibration -- 514.6, Procedure I, Category 14-rotorcraft
• Explosive Atmosphere -- 511.5, Procedure I

PHASE I: This effort shall be used to demonstrate an innovative approach and possible new materials that could be used for lightweight, low bulk, rugged and launderable connectors that have no ill effect on the flame retardant character of the material. The research may also review possible methods of transporting power and data through fabric without impacting the fabric hand and weight. The end product shall be a report of the findings, a prototype demonstrating potential for launderability, and a recommendation for a path forward. In production, the target cost is $5 to $40 per connector to make it feasible to use 6 or 8 connectors on one unit of clothing or protective equipment.

PHASE II: This effort shall develop the capability to produce small quantities of the connector that can be attached to an electro-textile system that ports into and provides power and data to a device similar to a smart phone on one end of the network. The power shall be provided by a detachable battery and the data shall be provided by any type of computer system. Twenty-five fabric/connector systems shall be built and demonstrated. The removable components shall be detached, and the electronic textile with connectors in place shall be laundered five times in a standardized manner. The capability of the network shall be validated in a relevant environment before and after laundering of the systems.

PHASE III DUAL USE APPLICATIONS: Military personnel will be able to connect mission equipment to Soldier networks that provide information back to headquarters about the Soldier's physiological condition, location and mission progress; real-time information can be sent back to the Soldier concerning ways to avoid danger, and any modifications to the mission that are authorized while underway. The technology will play a part in enabling the tracking of location of elderly, children or handicapped individuals who may need assistance as well as to transmit information about the physiological status of athletes.

REFERENCES:

• Dion, Genevieve; Smart Garments: Form follows function -The promise of ‘wearable technology;’
  http://exelmagazine.org/article/smart-garments/
• Dunne, Lucy and Gioberto, Guido; Garment-Integrated Body Sensing;
  http://faculty.design.umn.edu/dunne/current_projects/garment_integrated_sensing.html
• LilyPad Arduino Main Board; https//www.arduino.cc/en/Main/ArduinoBoardLilyPad
• Crumbley, Liz; Creating the future’s wearable, washable, potentially life-saving computers; Virginia Tech Research Magazine, Summer 2007; http://www.research.vt.edu/resmag/2007summer/textiles.html
• Winterhalter, C., Teverovsky, J., Horowitz, W., Sharma, V., Lee, K.; Wearable Electro-Textiles for Battlefield Awareness, Dec. 2004; http://oai.dtic.mil/oai/oai?verb=getRecord&metadataPrefix=html&identifier=ADA431955"

KEYWORDS: e-textiles, smart fabrics, electronic clothing, electrical connectors, electronic connectors, flame retardant, launderable

TECHNOLOGY AREA(S): Information Systems

OBJECTIVE: The Offeror should provide a detailed system and circuit-level design in preparation to implement for prototyping and testing in Phase II.

DESCRIPTION: Today’s Soldier employs multiple digital assets on the battlefield for digital communications, such as Voice/C2 (Command and Control) data, usage of aerial and terrestrial assets, and wireless connectivity of devices on the body. These digital assets increase the Soldier’s Lethality and provides Force Protection. However, many of the assets do not support SECRET level classification, which impedes the ability of the Army’s handheld device to properly view, and disperse across the network information and feeds from various UAV\S (Unmanned Aerial Vehicles/Sensors), UGVs (Unmanned Ground Vehicles) and SBS (Soldier Borne Sensors). The use of a one way or bi-directional cross domain guard that could support small amounts of data as well as full motion video could aid the Soldier in gathering together the data feeds and have a comprehensive situational awareness/understanding.

PHASE I: The Offeror shall conduct a feasibility study identifying technologies and a suitable approach to fulfill and address the topic’s technical problem domain space.

PHASE II: The offeror shall fabricate 5 prototypes and demonstrate the Cross Domain Solution in an operational relevant environment, with a limited number of nodes to process full motion video and varied VMF (Variable Message Format) messages across network domains with an acceptable video quality level and message completion rate. In order to demonstrate the Cross Domain Solution, the Government shall provide GFE such as Robotics and UAV assets and End User Devices. In order to demonstrate cross domain capabilities, the Offeror must integrate COTS (Commercial-Off-The-Shelf) software/hardware for verification and validation. The following capabilities shall be demonstrated:

1. Pass Situational Awareness data to and from the tactical edge
2. 30-40 Mbps throughput
3. Low latency
4. Support multiple messaging formats
5. Operate in tactical environment; on vehicles or Soldier carried

PHASE III DUAL USE APPLICATIONS: Upon successful completion of Phase II, the contractor shall complete any required hardware/software modifications to support a Government Operational Test. Additional hardware may be required. Successful completion will facilitate the transition to the Nett Warrior Program of Record.

In terms of commercialization, the technology developed through this SBIR can be readily used in the IoT (Internet of Things) commercial marketspace where user wants to protect movement of sensitive data between different networks.

REFERENCES:

• DODI: 8540.01. Cross Domain (CD) Policy. DOD Chief Information Officer. May 2015.

KEYWORDS: Networking, classification, cross domain, UAS/UAV/UGV, security

TECHNOLOGY AREA(S): Electronics

The technology within this topic is restricted under the International Traffic in Arms Regulation (ITAR), which controls the export and import of defense-related material and services. Offerors must disclose any proposed use of foreign nationals, their country of origin, and what tasks each would accomplish in the statement of work in accordance with section 5.4.c.(8) of the solicitation.

OBJECTIVE: Design and Demonstrate a Comprehensive Sky Compass (CSC) which includes a base celestial compass including sun, stars, moon and planet solutions together with an integrated sky polarization compass.

DESCRIPTION: This effort is specifically intended to address the need for rapid high accuracy azimuth information in an optimal Size, Weight, Power and Cost (SWAP-C) for integration man-portable Far-Target Location (FTL) systems. The Fires Center of Excellence (FCoE) rates the ability to rapidly and accurately ascertain a targets location with a high enough degree of precision to engage with precision munitions as a critical capability gap. The largest source of Target Location Error (TLE) in the existing FTL systems is in "azimuth". Traditionally hand held target location systems have used the Digital Magnetic Compass (DMC), or more recently the base celestial compass. The former is heavily influenced by magnetic fluctuations and other distortions of the field in the combat environment. The latter provides exceptional results in a rapid fashion, but is severely limited in its operational availability due to limited conditions when the celestial reference bodies are in acceptable viewing positions. The CSC will maintain the precise accuracy obtained with the celestial compass while significantly improving its availability and operational effectiveness. This technology will support such programs as the JETS and LLDR as well as potential future targeting systems for the ARMY, Marines and DOD as a whole.

The compass should include the logic to select and output the optimal solution and Figure of Merit (FOM) based on the operational environment and available sensor data. The CSC will produce a sub 2 mil solution within 15 seconds with a 50% probability RMS and an accompanying FOM that bounds the error with a 90% probability RMS. The Comprehensive Sky Compass will extend the availability of the current celestial compass, which is limited during high sun angles, dusk, and other times when there is not a clear line of sight to a celestial reference object. The integration of the sky polarization compass will allow the CSC to work during overcast and dusk daytime conditions as well as when the sun is not in the direct line of sight since the sky will still be polarized. Inclusion of the moon will allow use in cases where the moon is in the field of view and swamping out the stars. It also appears during dusk and improves performance in these cases. The planets become visible about 20 minutes before the stars during dusk and including them in the solution improves performance during this critical time period.

The demonstrated final solution should be in a form fit replacement for the current 2 lens solutions available.

PHASE I: Requirements Analysis & Design Study. Requirements for the objective Comprehensive Sky Compass (CSC) will be analyzed in terms of the forward observer's mission requirements and targeted Programs of Record for which the technology is applicable. Specific performance parameters will be defined for both the celestial and sky polarization sensors. Once the requirements analysis is complete, a notional architecture and performance prediction will be developed. A design will be established that allows a form fit function replacement of the current two lens celestial compass.

PHASE II: Proof of Concept Units: During this phase 4 proof of concept units will be fabricated and demonstrated in both a lab and field environment in the correct configuration for the drop in replacement. The packaged proof of concept unit will be tested in both a lab and field environment. The module size, weight, power, performance, and cost predictions will be assessed and analyzed to determine viability of entering Phase III. Results of this phase will be used to determine if the module is suitable for insertion into the JETS and LLDR III production.

PHASE III DUAL USE APPLICATIONS: During this phase, the detailed design process will commence for the objective CSC. Five modules will be integrated into a JETS or JETS-like host system and five units will be integrated into the LLDR III testbed for demonstration and validation. The units will undergo performance and environmental testing. Upon successful test and demonstration, the JETS target locator will be type classified and production of the JETS with a CSC will begin. Additionally, the test and evaluation information will be shared with the commercial sector enabling “spin-off” into commercial applications.

REFERENCES:

• M. Dacke et al., How dim is dim? Precision of the celestial compass in moonlight and sunlight, Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B (2011) 366, pp. 697-702
• R. Hegedus, S. Akesson, G. Horvath, Polarization patterns of thick clouds: overcast skies have distribution of the angle of polarization similar to that of clear skies, JOSA A, 24(8) 2347-2356 (2007)
• R. Muheim, J. Phillips, S. Akesson, Polarized light cues underlie compass calibration in migratory songbirds, Science 313, 837-839 (2006)
• R. Wehner, M. Muller, The significance of direct sunlight and polarized skylight in the ant’s celestial system of navigation, PNAS 103(33), 12575-12579 (2006)

KEYWORDS: Precision Targeting, Target Location Error (TLE), Far-Target Location (FTL), Celestial Compass, Sky Polarization Compass, Sky Compass, Forward Observer (FO), Light Weight Laser Designator (LLDR), Joint Effects Targeting System (JETS), Precision Azimuth

TECHNOLOGY AREA(S): Human Systems

OBJECTIVE: Develop a see-through Augmented Reality (AR) protocol and prototype to create realistic simulated human avatar overlays on top of/in lieu of standard silhouette representations and to replicate night/obscurant conditions (opaqueness) during live fire familiarization training. The research would focus on the development of AR technology that supports range scanning with one eye, and weapon sighting with the other. The AR technology would have to operate and support M4 and M16 weapon platforms utilizing various sights (iron, Red Dot, CCO, and ACOG).

DESCRIPTION: An Augmented Reality solution coupled with a Location of Miss or Hit (LOMAH) or Non-Contact Hit Sensor (NCHS) on a live fire range would afford the Army the ability to ensure standard target representations are provided regardless of terrain. This approach would also allow for the scripting/modeling of these target representations to support advanced training. In addition to the dual AR visual representations, appropriate occlusion algorithms for the live fire ranges would be imperative to ensure accurate display and representation of the virtual target systems within the field view of the shooter.

PHASE I: Determine the feasibility/approach for the development of an integrated augmented reality technology to meet training requirements in support of US Army Basic Rifleman Marksmanship familiarization and qualification training. Study, research, and conduct initial integration and design concepts of core technology components. Synchronization of work being completed by RDECOM, PEO STRI and academia will be required. Research dual AR technologies, power management approaches, eye tracking (if required), and ruggedized for open air environments.

PHASE II: Refine design and continue technology investigation and integration into a prototype baseline, and implement basic modeling methods, algorithms, and interfaces between the control system and the projections system. Develop a prototype augmented reality training capability that can be utilized within live domain (field) training environments with fiducial markers and for lane and target orientation. Create basic target representation models (standard E/F type silhouettes, human avatars, etc.). Integrate prototype with existing LOMAH technology. Demonstrations will be at TRL 6.

PHASE III DUAL USE APPLICATIONS: Finalize design and technology integration into a product baseline. Continue to define/refine target silhouette model development and representations. Potential interface to OneSAF or other virtual solutions (for generation of targets/entities).

Military application: Transition technology to the Army Program called Future Army System of Integrated Targets (FASIT). Technology would be viable for both digital and non-digital ranges, urban operations ranges, and other live fire training ranges where non-contact, point of intersection information can be utilized in engagement scoring at the qualification trainings ranges, battle damage assessments, lethality and engagement scoring at the test and evaluation ranges and cross domain information sharing.

Commercial applications include sports applications, gaming applications, and law enforcement applications.

REFERENCES:

• G. Kim, C. Perey, M. Preda, eds., “Mixed and Augmented Reality Reference Model,” ISO/IEC CD 24-29-1, July 2014.
• R. Kumar et al, “Implementation of an Augmented Reality System for Training Dismounted Warfighters,” paper No. 12149, in Interservice/Industry Training, Simulation, and Education Conf. (I/ITSEC) 2012.
• S. You, U. Neumann, R. Azuma, “Orientation Tracking for Outdoor Augmented Reality Registration,” IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications, November/December 1999.
• A Motion-Stabilized Outdoor Augmented Reality System; Azuma, Ronald; HRL Labs., Malibu, CA, USA; Hoff, B.; Neely, H., III; Sarfaty, R.; Virtual Reality, 1999. Proceedings. IEEE; 13-17 Mar 1999
• Data Distribution for Mobile Augmented Reality in Simulation and Training; Brown, Dennis; Baillot, Yohan; Julier, Simon J.; Armoza, David; Livingston, Mark A.; Rosenblum, Lawrence J; Garrity, Pat; Eliason, Joshua J.; 2003. (http://www.dtic.mil/cgibin/GetTRDoc?Location=U2&doc=GetTRDoc.pdf&AD=ADA510703)
• Training Circular (TC) 25-8, Training Ranges;
  https://atiam.train.army.mil/soldierPortal/atia/adlsc/view/public/6851-1/TC/25-8/toc.htm
• Field Manual (FM) 7-1, Battle Focused Training;
  https://atiam.train.army.mil/soldierPortal/atia/adlsc/view/public/11656-1/fm/7-1/fm7_1.pdf

KEYWORDS: Augmented Reality, Live Fire Training, Head Mounted Display, Virtual Targets

TECHNOLOGY AREA(S): Electronics

The technology within this topic is restricted under the International Traffic in Arms Regulation (ITAR), which controls the export and import of defense-related material and services. Offerors must disclose any proposed use of foreign nationals, their country of origin, and what tasks each would accomplish in the statement of work in accordance with section 5.4.c.(8) of the solicitation.

OBJECTIVE: The U.S. Army has a need for advanced tracking capabilities in cluttered environments for high energy laser weapon systems. Current methodologies used include a passive wide field of view mid-wave infrared sensor. This solicitation is seeking innovative approaches to developing compact, lightweight polarimeters capable of measuring a full stokes vector. This is often referred to as a 3D polarimeter and includes horizontal and vertical linear polarization, linear polarization at +45 and -45 degrees, and right and left circular polarization. Mid-wave and long-wave infrared passive sensors are of interest. The system must be fast enough to track moving targets and detect a full Stokes vector at rates up to 200 Hz.

Expected deliverables from a phase I effort include a design concept for implementing a snap shot polarimeter capable of detecting a full Stokes Vector with micropolarizers manufactured on a focal plane array. Phase II deliverables shall include a hardware prototype.

DESCRIPTION: Polarization has been proven to enhance target detection in clutter with polarimeters. Use of the full Stokes vectors in polarimeters allows better identification in adverse weather conditions. This is difficult to implement because it requires horizontal and vertical linear polarization, linear polarization at +45 and -45 degrees, and right and left circular polarization for the same image. Tracking fast moving targets in tactical scenarios typically requires high frames rates (ex: 1kHz up to 4kHz). Polarimeters typically use single or multiple polarization filters in a rotation stage that collects different states of the same image before the image in the field of view of the sensor changes. Current rotating polarizers have proven insufficient for tracking fast moving targets in turbulent environments, where the scene is changing faster than the rate of the rotation stage. An alternative to using a rotation stage is to split the image into multiple cameras with a different polarization filters and wave retarders filtering light onto each camera. This method is costly and adds weight and size to the overall system. Additionally, the use of beam splitters and optical elements adds complexity to a rugged system.

Some efforts have been made to implement polarization filters directly on a focal plane array. This approach reduces size, weight, and power required for a typical high speed rotation stage and allow for higher speed detection of all polarization states of a single image. Issues with this implementation include a loss in total image resolution by using multiple pixels to detect different polarization states of the same image location. This technology shows promise, but requires additional robustness and proven capability to push forward to tactical systems.

PHASE I: Conduct research, analysis, and studies on the selected polarimeter architecture, develop measures of expected performance, and document results in a final report. Provide analysis supporting the method of polarimetry implementation and expected hardware performance. The phase I effort should include modeling and simulation results supporting performance claims. A preliminary concept and draft testing methodologies that can be used to demonstrate the polarimeter system proposed during the phase II effort shall also be produced.

PHASE II: During Phase II, a passive MWIR or LWIR polarimeter concept design will be completed. Selected components will be developed and tested to help verify the design concept. A prototype polarimeter is expected to be tested at a minimum level. Parameters to be verified include polarization detection accuracy, overall rate of image collection and Stokes vector measurements. The necessary data processing techniques used for tracking shall be included in the phase II development. Methods to push data processing to desired operational rates shall be addressed, if not met. The extinction ratio, pixel cross talk, and total noise of the sensor shall be addressed. The data, reports, and tested hardware will be delivered to the government upon the completion of the phase II effort.

PHASE III DUAL USE APPLICATIONS: There are many potential applications for high speed, lightweight polarimeters. Commercial and Military applications include tracking, remote sensing, weather radar, and astronomy. In phase III, a robust polarimeter capable of operating at high speeds shall be developed and field tested to prove target detection in clutter. Military funding for this phase III effort would be executed by the US Army Space and Missile Defense Technical Center as part of its Directed Energy research.

REFERENCES:

• Huafeng Lianga, Jianjun Lai, Zhiping Zhoua, Li Lic, “Design and fabricating of visible/infrared dual-band microfilter array”, Proc. of SPIE Vol. 7135, 71350S, 2008
• David L. Bowers, James K. Boger, L. David Wellems, Steve E. Ortega, Matthew P. Fetrow, John E. Hubbs, Wiley T. Black, Bradley M. Ratliff, J. Scott Tyo, “Unpolarized calibration and nonuniformity correction for long-wave infrared microgrid imaging polarimeters”, SPIE conference on Polarization: Measurement, Analysis, and Remote Sensing VII, April 2006
• J. Scott Tyo, Dennis L. Goldstein, David B. Chenault, and Joseph A. Shaw, “Review of passive imaging polarimetry for remote sensing applications”, 1 August 2006, Vol. 45, No. 22, APPLIED OPTICS
• Viktor Gruev, Rob Perkins and Timothy York, “Integrated High Resolution Division of Focal Plane Image Sensor with Aluminum Nanowire Polarization Filters”, SPIE conference on Polarization: Measurement, Analysis, and Remote Sensing IX, 2010
• Neal J. Brock, Bradley T. Kimbrough, James E. Millerd, “A pixelated polarizer-based camera for instantaneous interferometric measurements”, SPIE conference on Polarization Science and Remote Sensing V, 2011
• J. Scott Tyo, Charles F. LaCasse, and Bradley M. Ratliff, “Total elimination of sampling errors in polarization imagery obtained with integrated microgrid polarimeters”, OPTICS LETTERS, Vol. 34, No. 20, October 15, 2009

KEYWORDS: passive tracking, polarimeter, polarization imaging, target detection in clutter

TECHNOLOGY AREA(S): Ground/Sea Vehicles

OBJECTIVE: Lithium-ion 6T pack embedded hardware and software solutions that allow for parallel intermixing of Lithium-ion 6T’s with dissimilar chemistries without impacting battery life or safety and while providing improved performance.

DESCRIPTION: The military requires batteries to provide energy and power for starting, lighting, & ignition (SLI) and Silent Watch. The demand for battery power and energy, especially for Silent Watch, continues to grow as more sophisticated electronics are developed and added to the military's fleet. One approach to meet this need is to replace 12-V lead-acid 6TAGM batteries with 24-V Lithium-ion 6T drop-in replacement batteries. However, there are a wide variety of dissimilar Lithium-ion chemistries that could be used in Lithium-ion 6T’s, such as NCA, LFP, LCO, NMC, and LTO. Using Lithium-ion 6T’s with dissimilar chemistries from different vendors in parallel is desired to allow for increased competition, lowered cost, and greater compatibility and availability. However, such parallel intermixing poses challenges given each chemistry’s unique voltage, capacity, and power characteristics. Accordingly, innovative solutions must be developed and demonstrated which will allow for parallel intermixing of Lithium-ion 6T batteries with dissimilar chemistries (such as Li-ion 6T batteries from different vendors) without impacting battery life or safety relative to a baseline homogeneous 6T pack and while providing improved performance of the parallel 6T battery pack as a whole. The technology developed should also improve the performance of homogeneous parallel-connected Li-ion 6T’s. Emphasis will be on solutions and technologies which can be implemented within the interior of a Li-ion 6T battery and within existing Li-ion 6T battery management system topologies, including embedded hardware and software solutions as well as battery-to-battery CAN communication and coordination.

PHASE I: Identify and determine the engineering, technology, and embedded hardware and software needed to develop this concept. Drawings showing realistic designs based on engineering studies are expected deliverables. Additionally, modeling and simulation to show projected performance and cycle life improvements from the technology developed in this phase (>10%) over a homogeneous Li-ion 6T pack (2-pack, 4-pack, and 6-pack) is expected as well as projected improvements to homogeneous Li-ion 6T packs (>5%). This phase also needs to address the challenges identified in the above description.

PHASE II: Develop and integrate prototype embedded hardware and software into Lithium-ion 6T’s from at least two different vendor’s using dissimilar chemistries. Baseline testing should be performed on a two parallel string of Li-ion 6T batteries from each vendor (homogeneous Li-ion 6T packs) and on a two parallel string of Li-ion batteries with one from each vendor (baseline intermixed Li-ion 6T pack). Using Li-ion 6T with the technology developed under this phase, there must be sufficient testing to demonstrate that there is no degradation in the safety of an intermixed pack compared to the homogeneous baselines and that performance (usable capacity) and cycle life is improved by >10% from the intermixed baseline. Performance and life cycle improvements to a parallel string of homogeneous Li-ion 6T should also be demonstrated at >5%. Deliverables include electrical drawings and technical specifications, software, M&S and test results, and four Li-ion 6T batteries (2 from each vendor) with the integrated embedded hardware and software improvements.

PHASE III DUAL USE APPLICATIONS: This phase will begin installation of Lithium-ion 6T intermixed packs using the solutions developed in Phase II on a selected vehicle platform (military, commercial EV/HEV, etc.) and will also focus on integration of Phase II embedded hardware and software technologies into the production processes of current Li-ion 6T batteries.

REFERENCES:

• F. Baronti, R. Di Rienzo, N. Papazafiropulos, R. Roncella, “Investigation of series-parallel connections of multi-module batteries for electrified vehicles,” Electric Vehicle Conference (IEVC), 2014 IEEE International, pages 1 – 7, 17-19 Dec. 2014.
• MS Wu, CY Lin, YY Wang, CC Wan, CR Yang, “Numerical simulation for the discharge behaviors of batteries in series and/or parallel-connected battery pack,” Electrochimica Acta, Volume 52, Issue 3, 12 November 2006, Pages 1349–1357.
• C. S. Moo, K. S. Ng, Y. C. Hsieh, “Parallel Operation of Battery Power Modules,” IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion, Volume 23, Issue 2, Pages 701 – 707, June 2008.

KEYWORDS: Lithium-ion, batteries, power, energy, intermixing, battery management systems, CAN bus, parallel-connected

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

TECHNOLOGY AREA(S): Electronics

The technology within this topic is restricted under the International Traffic in Arms Regulation (ITAR), which controls the export and import of defense-related material and services. Offerors must disclose any proposed use of foreign nationals, their country of origin, and what tasks each would accomplish in the statement of work in accordance with section 5.4.c.(8) of the solicitation.

OBJECTIVE: The goal of this proposed project is to develop, demonstrate, build and characterize several different gauge size cables which will be capable of increase current carrying capacity as compared to a standard copper electrical power cable of similar gauge size. If this proposed SBIR is successful, there would be the potential for significant weight and size reductions in power cables across the military, industrial, and commercial markets.

DESCRIPTION: With advanced power architecture’s like the NGCVEPA (Next Generation Combat Vehicle Electrical Power Architecture) large amounts of power and as a result current are being generated and distributed throughout a vehicle. This leads to very large copper power distribution cables being required to facilitate this large current distribution. Significant size and weight can be reduced with advanced materials which have the potential for higher conductivity/lower resistivity cables when compare to a pure copper cable.

PHASE I: Develop a proof of concept power cable that can demonstrate the improved electrical characteristics of the advanced material when compared to a copper cable. Develop a preliminary design to meet; a temperature range of -55C to +150C, a minimum voltage rating of 600Vrms, as flexible as a fine stranded copper wire of similar gauge, meet environments described in MIL-STD-810G, and withstand chemicals listed in MIL-STD-202H. Also this preliminary design will take into account how various gauge and length cables can be made.

PHASE II: Bring the design forward to completion. Build and deliver; a 20ft cable capable of delivering 23A, a 20ft cable capable of delivering 250A, a 20ft cable capable of delivering 350A. Also develop a manufacturing plan that will allow for the product to be commercialized. Phase II will reach at least TRL 5 and commercial viability will be quantified.Develop and integrate prototype embedded hardware and software into Lithium-ion 6T’s from at least two different vendor’s using dissimilar chemistries. Baseline testing should be performed on a two parallel string of Li-ion 6T batteries from each vendor (homogeneous Li-ion 6T packs) and on a two parallel string of Li-ion batteries with one from each vendor (baseline intermixed Li-ion 6T pack). Using Li-ion 6T with the technology developed under this phase, there must be sufficient testing to demonstrate that there is no degradation in the safety of an intermixed pack compared to the homogeneous baselines and that performance (usable capacity) and cycle life is improved by >10% from the intermixed baseline. Performance and life cycle improvements to a parallel string of homogeneous Li-ion 6T should also be demonstrated at >5%. Deliverables include electrical drawings and technical specifications, software, M&S and test results, and four Li-ion 6T batteries (2 from each vendor) with the integrated embedded hardware and software improvements.

Bring the design forward to completion. Build and deliver; a 20ft cable capable of delivering 23A, a 20ft cable capable of delivering 250A, a 20ft cable capable of delivering 350A. Also develop a manufacturing plan that will allow for the product to be commercialized. Phase II will reach at least TRL 5 and commercial viability will be quantified.

PHASE III DUAL USE APPLICATIONS: Mechanical packaging and integration of the solution into a vehicle with low voltage 28VDC power buss and a high voltage 600VDC power buss will be achieved (TRL6) and a technology transition will occur so the device can be used in military ground vehicle applications.

REFERENCES:

• MIL-STD-810G, MIL-STD-202H

KEYWORDS: Advanced Power Cable Materials, Carbon Nano Tube Power Cable, Wire, Conductor, Power Transmission

TECHNOLOGY AREA(S): Ground/Sea Vehicles

OBJECTIVE: Develop a Cruise Control Enhancement (CCE) based on terrain data to improve fuel efficiency, applicable to both manually driven and autonomous ground vehicles.

DESCRIPTION: According to the American Petroleum Institute, “military fuel consumption makes the Department of Defense (DoD) the single largest consumer of petroleum in the U.S.” [1]. A Defense Science Board report on DoD energy strategy mentions that, just in 2006, the DoD spent over 10 billion USD on fuel for combat and combat related systems [2]. At this volume, aside from volatile fuel prices, one concern is dependency on foreign sources of oil, sometimes hostile to U.S. interests. Reducing fuel consumption by 3-5% would translate in significant cost savings for the DoD as well as benefits in short and long-term environmental, socio-economic, and energy sustainability aspects.

The Office of the Secretary of Defense (OSD) funded the Fuel Efficient Ground Vehicle Demonstrator (FED) program in 2009, which looked at various engineering techniques to lower fuel consumption without sacrificing vehicle payload, protection or performance [3]. One area that wasn’t researched is fuel efficiency by enhancing the vehicle’s cruise control mechanism. Field tests show that drivers’ behavioral modifications can improve fuel efficiency by 1-9% [4] [5]. Similarly, fuel efficiency improvements could be achieved by enhancing the cruise control behavior. Studies that support this notion focus on Model Predictive Control (MPC), where a vehicle model is used to build a speed profile to maximize efficiency, with a 3.5% estimated improvement when using traffic data [6], and 3.53% when using road slope data [7]. Also, Intelligent Vehicle Power Control (IPC), for in-vehicle optimal control based on road type and traffic prediction, could improve efficiency by 2.68% [8]. Furthermore, using a-priori 3D road geometry was recently considered to support intelligent automotive applications [9]. The intent of this research is to advance the state of the art in vehicle control by combining these or similar methods in order to improve fuel efficiency not only for an individual vehicle, but also for the convoy seen as a whole.

PHASE I: Develop a proof-of-concept of the CCE system in a simulation environment, using a-priori terrain data. The simulation should be done for both an individual vehicle and for a convoy of up to 8 vehicles and for both a pre-set average speed and for an average speed given by a lead vehicle in a convoy. Supposing a cruise control pre-set average speed, the system should be able to use a-priori terrain data to optimize engine, transmission, and brake control of the vehicle for fuel efficiency increase of 3% (Threshold)/ 5% (Objective) when compared to a vehicle driven by an experienced driver at the same average speed. The CCE system should consider possible constraints on the average speed variance, which would depend on the mission. The enhancement should support military Tactical Wheeled Vehicles (TWV), commercial trucks, and passenger vehicles and be applicable to commercial Cruise Control (CC) and Adaptive Cruise Control (ACC), as well as autonomous (full robotic) control of the vehicle. For manually driven and autonomous ground vehicles convoys the CCE system should consider vehicle separation constraints given by safety, within a minimum of 5 m, maximum 150 m, and maintaining string stability. The system should be able to set fuel efficiency either for an individual vehicle or for the convoy seen as a whole. Demonstrate a real-time simulation showing the fuel saving benefits of the CCE system when compared to a simulated operator in the loop testing. The analysis should consider relevant average speeds, speed variances, convoy vehicle separation, and string stability constraints. The Phase I deliverable shall include a description of the methods used, simulation results demonstrating fuel efficiency improvement, and an analysis of computation requirements for real-time implementation.

PHASE II: Using the Phase I design requirements and technical documentation, the contractor should fully develop, fabricate, test, demonstrate and deliver two prototypes of the CCE system. The embedded hardware should be installed into two vehicles chosen by the contractor, approved by the Government, to be used for test and demonstration in single vehicle operations and leader-follower operations. The Phase II deliverables shall include a technical report, software, source code and documentation. The technical report should contain an analysis of the test data to provide a fuel/cost savings prediction matrix.

PHASE III DUAL USE APPLICATIONS: Closer to commercialization, the CCE system could be integrated into commercial vehicles, and it should be capable of being applied to various military vehicle types with only minor changes. It should be offered both as an embedded system and as a software enhancement using existing hardware. This phase should involve integrating the CCE system onto multiple military vehicles that will be used for the Autonomous Ground Resupply (AGR) program, which represents one of TARDEC’s core Capability Demonstrator (CD). For AGR, the system should be able to set fuel efficiency either for an individual vehicle or for a convoy seen as a whole and should leverage existing sensing and control baseline capabilities.

REFERENCES:

• Presentation by American Petroleum Institute President and CEO Red Cavaney held at the USAF/API Awards Banquet – Arlington, Virginia, July 15, 2004. See also National Defense Magazine article in 2002.
• Report of the Defense Science Board Task Force on DoD Energy Strategy, February 2008, Office of the Under Secretary of Defense For Acquisition, Technology, and Logistics, Washington, D.C. 20301-3140.
• Fuel Efficient ground vehicle Demonstrator (FED) Vision, Presentation by Thomas M. Mathes, Executive Director, Product Development, Tank Automotive Research, Development & Engineering Center, September 30, 2008.
• Martin, Boriboonsomsin, Chan, Williams, Shaheen, Barth, “Dynamic Ecodriving in Northern California: A Study of Survey and Vehicle Operations Data from an Ecodriving Feedback Device,” TRB Annual Meeting 2013.
• Kenneth S. Kurani, Tai Stillwater, Matt Jones, Nicolette Caperello, “Ecodrive I-80: A Large Sample Fuel Economy Feedback Field Test Final Report,” ITS-RR-13-15.
• Nicholas J. Kohut, J. Karl Hedrick, Francesco Borrelli, “Integrating Traffic Data and Model Predictive Control to Improve Fuel Economy,” 2009.
• Erik Hellstrom, Maria Ivarsson, Jan Aslund, Lars Nielsen, “Look-Ahead Control for Heavy Trucks To Minimize Trip Time And Fuel Consumption,” IFAC 2007.
• Jungme Park, ZhiHang Chen, Ming Kuang, Abul Masrur, Anthony Phillips, Yi L. Murphey, “Intelligent Vehicle Power Control based on Prediction of Road Type and Traffic Congestions,” Report for US Army TARDEC, IEEE 68th, 2008.
• Xiaopeng Li, Rick Eagle, “Three-Dimensional Road Geometry Provides Precise Knowledge of the Road Ahead to Support Intelligent Automotive Applications,” TRB Annual Meeting, 2011.

KEYWORDS: Fuel efficiency, cruise control, cooperative, adaptive, autonomous, Tactical Wheel Vehicle, TWV, convoy, terrain.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

TECHNOLOGY AREA(S): Ground/Sea Vehicles

OBJECTIVE: Develop and demonstrate methods to allow automatic tuning and self-calibration of by-wire vehicles.

DESCRIPTION: The Tank and Automotive Research Development and Engineering Center (TARDEC) has developed a modular approach to truck automation through the Autonomous Mobility Appliqué System (AMAS). AMAS consists of several modules including an Autonomy Kit and a By-Wire Kit. A major role of the By-Wire Kit is to transform a variety of military vehicles into electronically controlled platforms to allow autonomous functions (modes) to be added through the Autonomy Kit, for instance waypoint navigation and leader-follower operations. AMAS currently supports a variety of Tactical Wheeled Vehicles (TWV), such as FMTV, LMTV, MTVR, PLS, HET, M915.

Vehicles differ in various aspects due to different components, different structure, and different handling. Some of the differences that affect autonomous driving include steering alignment, steering dead-band, steer mapping, maximum steering rate, steering delay, tire pressure, tire elasticity, sensor mounting position, sensor alignment, brake response, and throttle response. As vehicles are driven, some of these can change over time and at different rates even for the same vehicle make and model. In addition to vehicle parameter changes, environmental changes can affect vehicle response from wind, temperature, and terrain surface. The effects of these variations currently create direct and indirect disturbances on the By-Wire Kit vehicle control resulting in deviations from the planned path. Due to the variety of the vehicles, the By-Wire Kit sensors may not be mounted in the same locations or orientation. Additionally, due to the tedious nature of mounting the sensors and attempting to measure all of their precise locations, there exists a need to provide an automatic procedure of self-determination of the sensor positions and orientations relative to a predetermined control point.

Current methods require hours of engineering support to tune the vehicle control systems. Vehicles of similar make and model may use identical tuning parameters initially, but for a variety of vehicles and changes that occur over time, a self-tuning method that is capable of determining optimal control parameters on its own is desirable. State of the art control strategies often modify the classical methods of tuning and may employ model-based control [1]. As the system changes over time and environment, there is also a need to adjust compensating parameters. Methods for automatically calibrating sensor locations and orientations have been shown in prior work [2]. Other research has shown the ability to automate the tuning of steering to various agricultural vehicles and setups through on-line vehicle modeling or through direct adaptive control [3]. Astrom, et. al., [4], Hjalmarsson, et. al., [5] and Campi, et. al. [6] have provided approaches toward more general self-tuning methods which can be applied to path control tuning. The intent of this research is to advance the state of the art in automated tuning by combining these or similar methods and applying them to electronically controlled vehicles in order to simplify the deployment of large numbers of autonomous vehicles.

PHASE I: Design a self-calibration and auto tuning system and demonstrate its performance in simulation. The system shall be capable of automatic sensor calibration and automatic tuning of the By-Wire Kit of AMAS equipped vehicles that can be controlled at speeds up to 55 miles per hour (mph). The system shall calibrate the following: GPS antenna relative mounting location, IMU relative mounting location and orientation, steering angle sensing, and wheel encoders. The system shall auto tune the following: steering actuator, throttle actuator, brake actuator, path controller, and velocity controller. The system shall be designed to allow path control using waypoints and paths from leader-follower configurations. The Phase I deliverable shall include a description of the methods used, simulation results demonstrating successful calibration and tuning, and an analysis of computation requirements for real-time implementation.

PHASE II: Develop a self-calibration and auto tuning prototype system based on the Phase I design and methods, and demonstrate its performance by implementing it on two AMAS-equipped vehicles. A technical demonstration shall be performed to show the self-calibration of the sensors and self-tuning of the control systems required in Phase I. The prototype system shall be demonstrated by autonomously driving the AMAS-equipped vehicles in waypoint navigation mode and also in leader-follower mode. The demonstration shall highlight the ability of the prototype system to work with any practical sensor placement configuration. The Phase II deliverables shall include the prototype system, a technical report, software, source code and documentation.

PHASE III DUAL USE APPLICATIONS: Autonomous driving technology is growing very rapidly in both commercial and military use. The technology developed in this project will allow by-wire vehicles to self-calibrate sensor locations and self-tune control parameters without the interaction of an expert. This system could be integrated onto the AMAS system for the military and in many different commercial applications (e.g. autonomous proving grounds, autonomous mining, autonomous agriculture, and on-highway autonomous vehicles). All code and documentation shall be developed using Capability Maturity Integration (CMMI) Level III.

REFERENCES:

• Stefan Kozak, “State-of-the-art in Control Engineering”, Journal of Electrical Systems and Information Technology 1, 2014.
• Britt, Jordan, and Bevly, D.M., “Sensor Auto-Calibration on Dynamic Platforms in 3D”, in Proc. ION GNSS+, Nashville, TN, 2013.
• Derrick, Benton and Bevly, D.M., “Adaptive Steering Control of a Farm Tractor with Varying Yaw Rate Properties”, Journal of Field Robotics, Vol. 26, No. 6/7, June/July 2009, pp. 519-539.
• Astrom, K.J., Borisson, U., Ljung, L. and Wittenmark, B., “Theory and Applications of Self-Tuning Regulators”, in Automatica, Vol. 13, 1977, pp. 457-476.
• Hjalmarsson, Hakan, Gevers, Michel, Gunnarsson, Svante, and Lequin, Olivier, “Iterative Feedback Tuning: Theory and Applications”, IEEE Control Systems, August 1998, pp. 26-41.
• Campi, M.C., Lecchini, A., Savaresi, S.M., “Virtual Reference Feedback Tuning: A Direct Method for the Design of Feedback Controllers”, in Automatica, Vol. 38, 2002, pp. 1337-1346.

KEYWORDS: autonomy, self-calibration, self-tuning, vehicle control, sensor calibration

TECHNOLOGY AREA(S): Ground/Sea Vehicles

OBJECTIVE: A solid-state system for storing hydrogen is desired to fuel hydrogen fuel cells for ground vehicle power. The system should have a storage efficiency no worse than a conventional 10,000 psi tank and operate at moderate temperature and moderate pressures.

DESCRIPTION: Hydrogen fuel cells are an ideal power source for military applications. Their near-silent operation coupled with a high power density and unlimited run time (provided fuel is supplied) offer many advantages over small engines and batteries for ground vehicle applications. However, unlike engines and batteries, fuel for hydrogen fuel cells is not readily available in the battlefield. The current industry standard, hydrogen gas compressed to high pressure brings challenges in order to enable Army implementation. This can be attributed to the complexity of shipping and deploying large tankers and safety concerns regarding the high pressure and extreme flammability range of hydrogen.

In order to improve the logistical feasibility of hydrogen fuel cells, hydrogen stored in a solid state at moderate pressure and temperature is desired. The material should offer performance equal to or exceeding that of a 10,000 psi (700 bar) compressed hydrogen tank, with a specific focus on improving volumetric capacity. The material should require a small amount of energy in order to release hydrogen and should operate at moderate conditions. Cryogenic temperatures or a complex cooling system is not acceptable. An ideal material could be refilled with compressed hydrogen supplied by a reformer or larger volume storage medium, however materials that require off-site reprocessing will also be considered as this effort is focused on identifying and progressing the development of the storage material. However, the material is resupplied, it should be transported and handled in methods similar to current logistic fuels and materials.

Once developed and proven at a lab scale, the storage system will be integrated into an all-terrain vehicle powered by a hydrogen fuel cell. The system will need to store roughly 1.5 to 2 kilograms of hydrogen in order to allow the vehicle to operate with a range of approximately 150 miles. The system should be capable of providing fuel to any fuel cell integrated onto a ground vehicle for applications such as powering the on-board electronics and allowing the vehicle to remain stationary and observe a location for an extended period of time.

PHASE I: During Phase I, a suitable material should be investigated and selected. A small, bench-scale proof of concept unit should be developed to demonstrate the operation of the material and support system. The capacity, energy requirements and operating conditions should be studied and documented so that it can be readily compared to compressed hydrogen. A preliminary investigation should be done in order to determine the cost and performance of scaling up the material to a level capable of supplying a fuel cell system.

PHASE II: Phase II work will scale up the technology demonstrated during Phase I. The up scaled storage system should be designed to be integrated into an all-terrain vehicle that requires 1.5 to 2 kg of hydrogen in order to supply the onboard fuel cell. The system should be evaluated in order to determine if it is capable of performing as well as compressed hydrogen under provided operating conditions. The ability to couple the system with a JP-8 reformer should also be investigated, if the material is capable of a hydrogen refill at moderate pressures.

PHASE III DUAL USE APPLICATIONS: The system should be scalable to the hydrogen requirements of various applications, from small APUs to complete ground vehicle power, during Phase III. The system should conform to particular dimensions of a space claim and provide the required amount of hydrogen for each application. Commercial applications include hydrogen storage systems for consumer and commercial fuel cell vehicles and hydrogen transportation as part of a hydrogen infrastructure. The current market leader for this application is the material handling industry.

REFERENCES:

• Department of Energy Materials-Based Hydrogen Storage Goals: http://energy.gov/eere/fuelcells/materials-based-hydrogen-storage

KEYWORDS: alternative energy, hydrogen, solid state storage, fuel, hydrogen fuel cells, material based storage, hydrogen storage

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

TECHNOLOGY AREA(S): Biomedical

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this initiative is to develop innovative and unique technologies that doctors, nurses, medics EMTs and other health care providers can use to keep working with their patients, and still document in the Electronic Health Record in a hands-free manner. Currently, healthcare providers have to stop what they are doing and type into a keyboard to document patient care. The desired hands-free solution will facilitate clinical providers/first responders’ ability to document on-site patient intake, assessment, point of care treatment and patient data to enable clinical data entry into the patient Electronic Health Record (EHR). Many busy healthcare providers, EMTs, first responders, and those military medical providers in dispersed military operations may not have the advantage of the organized logistics and casualty care systems and rely on memory until access to data entry is possible. This topic seeks new and innovative alternative data entry approach for Healthcare Providers to enter Electronic Health Record data into a computerized documentation system while keeping their hands completely free to work with patients.

DESCRIPTION: The Department of Defense (DOD) has recognized a critical process deficiency for combat medics to maintain clinical care, workflow and provide needed documentation surrounding response to crisis situations and point of care/point of injury treatment. The same need exists in the civilian sector, where busy doctors, nurses, nursing assistants and other care providers have to stop taking care of their patients, and then turn to the keyboard of their computers to enter information in the electronic health record. “Fat fingering”, i.e. using a keyboard to type in notes, select from drop down menus, and enter numerical values takes away significant amounts of time from patient care, and absorbs large amounts of clinician productivity that could better be applied elsewhere to actually take care of patients and their families. While certain providers, such as radiologists, do use natural language processing, this only works with repetitive blocks of information, (i.e. “readings” that use common language repeatedly) and when used in quiet environments, i.e. the radiologists cubicle or office. In a busy hospital emergency room, ward, operating room, or in a military field environment, natural language processing has not been a viable solution heretofore because of ambient noise which impacts accuracy, as well as the need for nurses and doctors to be speaking to their patients and colleagues as they work.

The experience of recent military conflicts indicates that medical emergency responders, personnel and combat casualty care physicians, at all levels in the theater, from the far-forward to field hospital to rehabilitation centers, are able to save lives of wounded soldiers at unprecedented rates. However, warfighter and combat medics in specific Areas of Responsibility (AOR) are unable to access tools for documenting needed initial clinical intake information. Clinical data regarding care, treatment and/or investigation of emergencies, incident victims to track and provide crisis and incident statistics, patient health status, physical and mental clinical state and responder point of care treatment.

PHASE I: Design/develop an innovative concept for improved Usability for Human Machine Interface for Clinical Healthcare Providers to enter Data into Electronic Health Records. The initial prototype shall be aimed toward a fixed facility. Anticipated approaches for unanticipated environments include any type of passive non hands used data entry techniques. The effort should clearly analyze the scientific, technical and commercial merit as well as feasibility of using a hands-free data entry capability for use by civilian and military medical personnel in all echelons of medical care arenas, particularly useful in combat environments. Proposed work should products and/or services for hands-free electronic record data entry for medical / clinical / biological purposes even if the solution is not currently in use with medical systems. The effort should seek innovative and novel ideas to provide a realistic, low cost and high usability solution that is intuitive, and requires minimal to no training for persons to use. The research will explore solutions that will not degrade workflow, will be operable and reliable in complex, noisy environments, and should demonstrate a high-degree of usability to avoid interference with the flow of hands-on patient care, which can be interrupted with using keyboards or using handheld devices. Especially in military operational environments with high tempo, the ability to enter data/document care in a hands free manner is critical. Keeping providers hands available for caring for casualties, moving patients for evacuation, and administering life-saving/limb saving treatments is imperative. The solution should work in common operating environments with presence of noise, fluids, and with providers using disposable gloves/sterile technique, and in various temperatures (i.e. in hospitals, a cold operating room and warm burn unit patient room; in first responder situations wind, rain, cold). The proposed solution should adhere to/ use technical standards to insure wide usage/acceptability and interoperability.

The offeror shall identify innovative technologies reviewed and considered, technical risks of the selected approach; costs, benefits and schedule associated with development and demonstration of the prototype. The final report shall include design of the innovative and improve human-machine interface for clinical providers to offer hands-free capability for clinical data entry, including performance goals, associated metrics, and conceptual validation through simulation, testing or other means. Determine future technological barriers with integrating / implementing the improve human-machine interface for clinical providers to enter hands-free data entry into electronic health records in various civilian and military medical environments, and identify probable risk mitigation strategies.

PHASE II: Based on the Phase I design and development feasibility report, the performer shall produce a prototype demonstrating potential medical utility in accordance with the success criteria developed in Phase I. The performer will then develop the prototype for the DOD evaluation. The performer shall deliver a demonstration of the prototype, and prepare a report describing the design and operation of the prototype. The intent of this phase is for the developer to deliver a well-defined prototype (i.e., a technology, product or service) meeting the requirements of the original solicitation topic which can be made commercially viable. The prototype shall effectively provide an improved, high usability, hands-free documentation capability and demonstrate validation of technology that enables data entry/data capture to the electronic patient record at point-of-care while the doctor, nurse or medic keeps working, and without the use of hand-operated keyboards, or hand-operated input devices. Expect to demonstrate prototype in military exercise field environment. The theater/operational medicine capabilities are expected to function in all or some of the environments noted:

1. low/no communication environment (i.e. no or low bandwidth environments)
2. first responder capabilities including immediate lifesaving measures at the point of injury in deployed/operational environments such as EMTs or firefighters on calls or combat medics in the field
3. common hospital environments such as operating rooms, emergency rooms, wards, where there is noise, presence of fluids, and where providers are using disposable gloves/sterile technique
4. EnRoute Care - care required to maintain the treatment initiated prior to evacuation and the sustainment of the patient's medical condition during evacuation. Care can range from in-flight skilled nursing care up to invasive Critical Care services from Critical Care Air Transport Teams (CCATT)

PHASE III DUAL USE APPLICATIONS: Follow-on activities shall include a demonstration of the application of this system in a civilian healthcare setting or to the Military Health System in deployed and non-deployed environments, civilian hospitals, ambulatory, training programs and/or with other military medical personnel. The performers shall demonstrate effectiveness and generate a profile of the innovative, high usability, hands free data entry solution that will synch, transfer or provide data to the Cerner electronic health record. The study will provide the clinical evidence for un-interrupted clinical workflow when treating patients using the proposed solution. Effectiveness shall be measured in terms accuracy of data entry in common operating environments with presence of noise, fluids, and using disposable gloves/sterile technique, and in various temperatures (i.e. in hospitals, a cold operating room and warm burn unit patient room; in first responder situations wind, rain, cold), and demonstration of usability using commonly accepted functional and technical metrics, and adherence/ use of technical standards to insure wide usage/acceptability. Anticipate working with other Advanced Developers such as MC4.

REFERENCES:

• Gabriel Aldaz, Lauren Aquino Shluzas, David Pickham, Ozgur Eris, Joel Sadler, Shantanu Joshi, Larry Leifer, (April 22, 2015), “Hands-Free Image Capture, Data Tagging and Transfer Using Google Glass: A Pilot Study for Improved Wound Care Management” http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.13
• Jeffrey J. Jacobsen, “Headset Computer With Handsfree Emergency Response” (2014) http://www.google.ch/patents/US20140031001
• Joshua E. Richardson and Joan S. Ash, “Effects of Hands Free Communication Devices on Clinical Communication: Balancing Communication Access Needs with User Control” (2008) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2656106/
• Ed Crow, Janet Jonson “Wireless Handheld Electronic Devices Assisting Emergency Medical Field Personnel” (2000) https://www.arl.psu.edu/documents/ME9110_fin_rep_16aug00.pdf
• AHIMA e-HIM workgroup, Speech Recognition in the Electronic Health Record (AHIMA Practice Brief) (2003) http://library.ahima.org/xpedio/groups/public/documents/ahima/bok1_022107.hcsp?dDocName=bok1_022107

KEYWORDS: Human Machine Interface, Usability, Hands-Free Data Entry, Electronic Health Record Usability, Point of Injury Clinical Documentation

 

 

TECHNOLOGY AREA(S): Biomedical

OBJECTIVE: Develop, demonstrate, test, and evaluate a scene registration educational tool that registers/transmits/updates from a simulated patient’s position/orientation using information to correlate accurately with 3-D anatomical dynamic models replicating position/orientation.

DESCRIPTION: Standardized patients and medical mannequin simulators are helpful medical educational tools used during training. To complement the benefits of these simulation tools, the topic calls upon performers to leverage augmented reality (AR) technology for scene registration for use in medical training. The tool should accurately and appropriately link position and orientation of training models using accurate anatomical overlays over a 3D surface to enhance the understanding of the relationship of landmarks with its underlying anatomy.

The goal of this topic is to create a system to augment a dynamic 3D scene registration using AR technology in order to produce a tool to that can recognize fiducial markers on a patient simulator or standardized patient. The performer can develop their own system or, if available, use existing or expected to be released technology (i.e. sensors, fiducial markers) that can be purchased and placed directly on/in a mannequin, attached or applied to a standardized patient or use technology already inserted into part task trainers or full body mannequin simulation systems to create a dynamic 3D scene registration using AR technology.

The scene registration AR software should be easily downloaded and be able to be used on existing mobile devices or anticipated to be released mobile devices.

The developed software should accurately and appropriately register the detection technology when the mobile device’s existing camera is aimed at a standardized patient or a medical mannequin. The software should recognize and display the gross characteristics upon detection of the anatomical markers. Accurate and appropriate representation of models representing different layers of the underlying anatomy should be designed and displayed on a mobile device and correlate with the registration data and emphasis should be placed upon dynamic models where fiducial markers change their position and orientation in space. The dynamic models should reflect the orientation and position of the standardized patient or mannequin. The developed software should display models from any anatomical position and orientation (e.g. anterior, posterior, lateral, and oblique views). The user should have the ability to lock and rotate models regardless of view.

Software development should focus on the development, technical feasibility, and demonstration of a low-cost tool that will complement the instructor’s ability to teach and implement realistic simulation practice procedures enhancing the learning experience at all experience levels. The instructor should have the option to become a master controller and easily share images captured with students on their mobile device. The instructor should have the ability to add/remove static/dynamic model layers.

The proposed development effort should:

• Accurately and appropriately track and register an array of different anatomical positions and orientations either placed on standardized patients or mannequins, and/or ones that are already embedded in mannequins
• Allow for quick capture of the underlying anatomy via mobile device and save as an image on the mobile device
• Include static/dynamic models
• Display models from any angle of the human anatomy
• Display models from any anatomical position and orientation

• Include removable ‘layer-by-layer’ models shown from any angle of human anatomy and any anatomical position and orientation
• Allow instructor to control and share the scenes seen during the instruction
• Incorporate simulated trauma models (i.e. burns, blast, penetrating, blunt, and/or crush injuries) and other pathologies as a part of the static/dynamic repository
• Allow the ability to add complex pathology and traumatic (military relevant) models for more advanced learners.

PHASE I: Phase I will develop a proof of concept scene registration AR education application/tool. A justification describing the accuracy and sensitivity of the tool(s) used for the scene registration concerning data registration is required. The development will need to prove that registration, tracking, and accuracy of data transmitted and received can reflect different anatomical positions, orientations, and joint movement (i.e. flexion, extension). The proof of concept will need to demonstrate the animated model’s ability to coordinate anatomical positioning with that of a standardized patient or mannequin.

The performer shall deliver a report describing the software and operation of the initial software package. The requested anatomy for Phase I proof of concept is either the neck (cricothyroidotomy2) or the shoulder (axillary artery and its tributaries).

The performer is encouraged to use resources from the Advanced Surgical Skills for Exposure in Trauma (ASSET1). ASSET can be utilized as an example of where the demonstration of scene registration AR may be useful and is congruent with current military medical training curricula.

The intent of this phase is for the performer to produce an initial software, application design, and proof of concept that demonstrates the new innovation of the tool that is being tested and indicate the types of risk anticipated. The performer will submit a final report and provide an initial demonstration (video) describing the stage of the software development and application, along with details of what will be further developed in Phase II.

PHASE II: Building upon the development and lessons learned of Phase I, Phase II will focus on expanding the registration capabilities of the detection tool(s) over broader areas (X, Y, Z plane & respective tissue planes). Phase II will begin incorporating dynamic models of the anatomy to align with the standardized patient or mannequin’s position, orientation, and joint movement. Phase II will show an increase in detail concerning the static and the animated underlying medical anatomical models. Layer-by-layer addition/removal of anatomy dependent upon its respective position, orientation, and joint movement will need to be incorporated.

Sophistication of the software application will continue to be developed to include an instructor blackboard or whiteboard concept in which the instructor can become the Master operator; as a result, models being studied can be focused upon layer-by-layer and can be shared with the students’ individual mobile devices. Phase II should build upon the basic medical images in Phase I and begin incorporating more complex models to include the chest, abdomen, and pelvis. Some anatomical variations should be included in the final deliverable.

Phase II product will need to demonstrate its usefulness (i.e. survey) with an appropriate user sample.

The performer will submit a final report that will include the results of the survey of appropriate user sample as well as the current state of the software application. The performer will provide a demonstration of the product along with details of what will be further developed in Phase III. This demonstration most likely will occur in the Maryland, northern Virginia, or Washington, DC area.

PHASE III DUAL USE APPLICATIONS: Concluding in Phase III the performer will have built a viable, commercially available software product accessible in a downloadable application that can be used in a mobile device. The content should encompass basic models to complex dynamic scenes that can display rotating models and include specialized anatomy such as the head and neck. The ability of the software to easily reveal multilayer or stacking effect of models will be ideal. Preferably, the capability will be based on state of the art software and hardware principles, use validated data from publicly available sources, reside on DoD IT systems, and provide anatomically correct models that can be used in medical school coursework. The addition of pathologies and trauma models such as burns, blast, penetrating, blunt, and/or crush injuries will need to be incorporated.

It is anticipated that commercial markets that could benefit from this novel product can include emergency, technical, nursing, physical therapy and medical schools to include their respective residency or licensed equivalency. If technology of this product is expanded, such commercial markets could also include dental and veterinary training programs. Manufacturers of sports gear and physical therapy clinics who will want a better understanding of the relationship between external anatomical landmarks and underlying anatomy under variable anatomical positions could benefit from such a product resulting in an improvement of commercial preventative injury equipment market (helmets, braces, guards etc.).

This demonstration most likely will occur in the Maryland, northern Virginia, or Washington, DC area.

Upon completion, the performer will submit a final report describing the software application and provide a final demonstration of the product.

REFERENCES:

• Advanced surgical skills for exposure in trauma (ASSET), https://www.facs.org/quality%20programs/trauma/education/asset
• Campbell-Wynn, L. (2013). Understanding the capabilities and limitations of advanced interactive m&s: a cricothyroidotomy simulation case study, http://etd.fcla.edu/CF/CFE0005142/Campbell-Wynn_Lillian_201308_PhD.pdf
• American thoracic society: patient information series. Chest tube thoracostomy, http://www.thoracic.org/patients/patient-resources/resources/chest-tube-thoracostomy.pdf?gclid=CjwKEAiAuea1BRCbn-2n7PbLgEMSJAABQvTTtD6_wSiJBtv3n4qJRpsEeyXiUX4t4xyLTHQNQfBYMhoCyZbw_wcB

KEYWORDS: Image registration, augmented reality, detection, medical simulation, medical training, anatomical 3D modeling

 

TECHNOLOGY AREA(S): Biomedical

OBJECTIVE: Develop an integrated system for automated thermostabilization by cryopreservation of eukaryotic cell vaccine(s), storage and delivery to the clinic/point of use.

DESCRIPTION: A critical need of the DoD is the protection of warfighters from infectious diseases that impair ability to function and result in non-combat casualties. Parasitic organisms and particularly those transmitted by vectors, such as the agents of malaria and leishmaniasis, are a significant problem for military personnel deployed to regions endemic for these diseases. Development and availability of prophylactic highly protective vaccines is a critical need. The most significant protection against parasitic diseases has been achieved by immunization with attenuated whole parasite vaccines. However, this has been hampered by the capacity to stably store, distribute and administer these whole parasite vaccines. Cryopreservation is the only method available for thermostabilizing eukaryotic organisms and cells and currently is used only on a limited scale for anti-cancer vaccines with small numbers of patients. Whole parasite anti-parasite vaccines [3, 4] targeting military recruits and active duty personnel prior to deployment require a significantly increased scale of manufacture – a level of operation that is also unprecedented and novel in the field of human vaccinology. There is, therefore a specific need for a fully integrated vialing, storage, distribution and administration system to meet the anticipated demand. Development of such an integrated system would truly create a disruptive technology that in addition to making the world’s first malaria vaccine available, would facilitate a potential revolution in the field of biologics not just limited to vaccines, and thus provide important, strong intellectual property to the developers. The steps in this integrated system include the development of a) a tamper-evident cryovial formatted for automated filling and that can be accessed by needle and syringe, b) a high throughput cryopreservation process that yields high levels of potent organisms comprising live-attenuated vaccines which is capable of being fully automated, c) a cryovial packaging system designed for storage at high density and efficiency that can be semi or fully automated, d) an integrated liquid nitrogen vapor phase (LNVP) dry shipper delivery system that can combine components of air freighting of large cryopreserved vaccine payloads with smaller LNVP dry shippers for distribution to, and as temporary repositories in, clinics or deployment centers with hold-times of at least one month, and longer for field, including ship-board, use, and e) incorporation of a thawing device for retrieval/administration in the clinic. The integrated system is expected to be applicable for the distribution of vaccines, such as against malaria [3, 4], leishmaniasis and other organisms and may also be applicable for cellular therapies [2] and anti-cancer vaccines. This integrated system is one component of the manufacturing, storage, and delivery process that needed to be developed for manufacture of aseptic, live-attenuated, purified, anti-parasite vaccines to be successful. All components were considered to be impossible to execute a decade ago – almost all have been systematically solved, and the developers have generated considerable intellectual property in doing so. The last step, and one that is not without significant technical risk, is the scaling up vialing, cryopreservation, storage and distribution process adequate for production of vaccine to meet DoD needs. This does not exist, again because it has been considered too difficult to accomplish. This SBIR is aimed at completing the task.

PHASE I: The objective of phase I is to design a new type of cryovial for cryopreservation, demonstrate that it is effective in cryopreservation, and is suitable for direct administration of a cellular based vaccine to patients. Current systems (i.e. Nunc cryovials) require transferring the material to an injector system, which adds to cost, time and requires a laminar flow hood to maintain sterility. A vial that can be stored in LNVP and is suitable for injection of the vaccine in a simple, one-step process post thawing without transferring the material to a subsequent injector system does not currently exist on the market. The new cryovial design must:

1. have a working volume that can accommodate vaccine aliquots and diluent after thawing,
2. have a septum in the cap that allows addition of diluent and withdrawal of diluted vaccine using a needle and syringe – in the same manner as a standard vaccine vial,
3. have a method for closure that is permanent and renders the cryovial ‘tamper-evident’,
4. be compatible with automated filling devices,
5. be compatible with an optimized automated cryopreservation methodology,
6. incorporate a final seal for protection during storage and transportation,
7. be able to be thawed under field conditions anywhere, and
8. demonstrate compatibility with the vaccine(s).

After cryopreservation in the new cryovial prototype the product must be infective and potent. Designs for the efficient storage of large cryopreserved vaccine lots in liquid nitrogen vapor phase (LNVP) and the transportation of vaccine to the clinic using a LNVP cold chain are to be developed. To advance to Phase II the work should generate a cryovial prototype that meets the above specification, and can be used to cryopreserve parasites that are highly infective and potent after thawing. It should also generate a plan for distribution of the product in a LNVP cold chain.

PHASE II: The objective of phase II is the optimized development to pre-implementation of the new cryovial and the design of a distribution system(s) to incorporate a new format and method for packaging the cryopreserved vaccine. Development of a new cryovial should include a FDA plan element for path to licensure. The new cryovial prototype is to be translated into production of a first-pass product. A) This cryovial must conform to the required specifications for use and demonstrate feasibility, through extensive testing, with the target vaccine during manufacture and preparation for inoculation in the clinic. Vaccine is to be produced using the manufacturing line designed in phase I and the equipment and processes are to allow for scale up to high throughput manufacture of large vaccine lots. B) Operation of the cryopreservation process must be demonstrated to be scalable. C) Prototypes for the efficient LNVP storage of large cryopreserved vaccine lots and transportation of vaccine to the clinic using a LNVP cold chain are to be developed: it is envisaged that this will involve dry shippers with payload capacities compatible with military clinics and deployment centers of different sizes, and naval vessels, and incorporate a system of cryovial packaging that is novel and that integrates vaccine manufacture with vaccine logistics.

PHASE III DUAL USE APPLICATIONS: It is anticipated that within DoD, potential customers of the cryovial will be those principal investigators/funders developing eukaryotic based therapies used for disease prevention or treatment (e.g. the US Navy’s Malaria Program that is collaborating on a sporozoite-based malaria vaccine [3, 4]) and clinicians specializing in fertility [1] and involved in treating cancer patients with autologous immune cells as immunotherapies [2] and vaccines. However, this will be a dual use product that will have costs offset by customers in other markets. Within the U.S. Government, the State Department and Peace Corps will be significant customers for such products, particularly a malaria vaccine. In the private sector mining and energy industry companies with large footprints in disease endemic areas, especially Africa will be significant customers, as will travelers in general through travel medicine companies, university-based travel clinics, and individual practitioners. The objective of phase III is the full implementation of the developments from phase II. A) Manufacture of the new cryovial in a GMP-compliant facility at scale is to be implemented for commercialization efforts and lots of these cryovials are to be integrated into the vaccine manufacturing processes. This will include automated liquid handling methodology with automated processes for filling, capping and sealing the new cryovial. B) An optimized cryopreservation process is to be automated. C) The logistics of vaccine delivery are to be applied: this is to include: a) implementation of the high density storage system with associated methods and equipment, b) deployment of LNVP dry shippers fully compatible with all steps in shipping, local storage in the clinic during immunizations and retrieval and handling of vaccine cryovials, and c) integration of a new device for automated thawing of cryovials into the procedure for vaccine preparation in the clinic.

REFERENCES:

• Chambon F, Brugnon F, Grèze V, Grémeau AS, Pereira B, Déchelotte P, Kanold J. 2016. Cryopreservation of ovarian tissue in pediatric patients undergoing sterilizing chemotherapy. Hum Fertil (Camb). Mar 23:1-9.
• Meng G1, Poon A1, Liu S1, Rancourt DE2. 2016. An Effective and Reliable Xeno-free Cryopreservation Protocol for Single Human Pluripotent Stem Cells. Methods Mol Biol. 2016 Apr 1. [Epub ahead of print]
• Pfeil J, Sepp KJ, Heiss K, Meister M, Mueller AK, Borrmann S. 2014. Protection against malaria by immunization with non-attenuated sporozoites under single-dose piperaquine-tetraphosphate chemoprophylaxis. Vaccine. 14;32(45):6005-11.
• Seder RA et al. 2013. Protection against malaria by intravenous immunization with a nonreplicating sporozoite vaccine. Science. 2013 Sep 20;341(6152).

KEYWORDS: Liquid nitrogen vapor phase, cryovial, live vaccines, immunization, cryopreservation

 

 

TECHNOLOGY AREA(S): Biomedical

OBJECTIVE: To develop a self-propelled (automated) tick collection device that is capable of operating in diverse habitats under various environmental conditions.

DESCRIPTION: In many parts of the world, tick-borne diseases pose serious health risks to troops, civilian employees, and residents at military installations. To mitigate the threat of tick-borne disease, preventive medicine personnel monitor tick vectors and implement control strategies. Surveillance (monitoring) for changes in the abundance and activity of host-seeking ticks is critical to assess public health risk for tick-borne pathogens like Lyme disease. Tick surveillance should employ efficient collection methods that accurately assess population and species diversity, as well as prevalence and intensity of infection with tick–associated pathogens.

Host detection and attachment by ticks is achieved through three main behavioral patterns: questing (stationary ambush), hunting (active movement towards host) and tick-host cohabitation. Tick collection methods used by Military Preventive Medicine can be divided into three major categories: (1) dragging; (2) trapping using carbon dioxide (CO2); and (3) collecting directly from hosts. Dragging is considered the standard method for collecting questing ticks on vegetation, and approximates human biting risks. Dragging involves moving a piece of flannel or cotton across vegetation behind the collector and allowing ticks to attach to the cloth as it passes. There are several important issues associated with the dragging method: (1) it is labor intensive, which negatively affects the sampling effort (total area/distance covered and duration of the sampling period), (2) it exposes the collector to potentially infected ticks, and (3) it only samples ticks (mainly adults) that quest on the upper layer of vegetation. The CO2 tick sampling method utilizes dry ice (CO2) which serves as bait to attract actively host-seeking ticks of all life stages (larvae, nymphs and adults) to a collection site proximate to the CO2 source. Because this method is stationary, it is not as restricted by vegetation type and density. Additionally, CO2 reduces the sampling effort, but also has the additional logistical problems of CO2 source acquisition, transport and storage. Furthermore, tick species vary in their responsiveness to CO2 with some species responding strongly (Amblyomma hebraeum ); moderately (Ixodes scapularis (Lyme disease vector)); or poorly (Dermacentor variabilis (Rocky mountain spotted fever vector))(Sonenshine, 1993). Host-based sampling typically involves trapping wild animals or sampling from fresh carcasses. The advantage of this method is that the preferred hosts can be sensitive collectors of ticks at low densities. Disadvantages of this method are that it is labor intensive, requires worker protection measures, difficult to obtain large sample sizes, inconsistency in collection between workers, and requirements for animal handling approval (Cohnstaedt et al. 2012).

The purpose of this project is to develop a novel tick surveillance device to perform surveillance on medically important tick species such as Dermacentor variabilis (transmits Rocky Mountain spotted fever), Ixodes scapularis (transmits Lyme disease) and Dermacentor marginatus (transmits Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever). The ideal product will be well suited for Preventive Medicine deployment packages and more effective than current collection methods.

Specific objective for this product are as follows:

1. Should be able to traverse through diverse tick habitats (shrubs, weeds, short and tall grasses) via remote control or automated programing.
• Continuous and point sampling (device programming options)
• Continuous mode should have an operation time for at least 45 minutes
• Point sampling mode (example: Stationary sampling for 3 hours at one location then move to next sampling point location) should have an operation time for at least 8 hours

• Exact and random sampling (device programming options)
• Adjustable speed (1-5 mph)
• Have an internal GPS that reports the device movements to a mobile device

1. Needs to be able to collect questing and non-questing ticks
• Have an attachable flag port. An attachable flag made of flannel or Velcro can be used to collect questing ticks (Continuous sampling)
• Have a compartment to collect non-questing ticks that are attracted to a bait (CO2)
• The compartment should be able to hold the collected ticks and keep them alive
• The compartment should have a sensor that counts the ticks as they enter the trap

• Collect a minimum of 10 ticks from infested habitat

1. Capable of carrying a minimum of 1kg of dry-ice (CO2)
• Device should provide insulation for the dry ice
• Gas from the dry-ice should be release from the device into the environment at a rate ranging from 200-350 ml/min.

1. The device should not exceed a weight of 30 lbs.
• Needs to be portable and not require and external power source
• Easy to operate, maintain and setup

PHASE I: This phase of the SBIR should focus on developing the initial concept and design for the tick surveillance trap. Phase I proposals should demonstrate the likelihood that an effective autonomous tick sampling device can be developed that meets the broad needs discussed in this topic.

PHASE II: During the Phase II portion of this SBIR, the awardee should develop the prototype design. Once the initial prototype is developed, it should be tested in both laboratory and field environments for efficacy in collecting medically important ticks as described in the specific project objectives above. At the conclusion of Phase II, the awardee should have developed a prototype that is able to collect host-seeking and questing ticks from tick infested habitats. Specific expectations for the product are outlined above.

PHASE III DUAL USE APPLICATIONS: During this phase the selected contractor will finalize the design of a production model and commercialize the desired device.

Military Application: The developed product will be used by Military Preventive Medicine personnel operating in the continental United States and deployed environments around the world. The selected contractor should provide a report that summarizes the performance of the tick collecting device to the Armed Forces Pest Management Board (AFPMB) and a request for assignment of a National Stock Number (NSN) to this device.

Commercial Applications: The proposed SBIR has commercial applications outside of the military. In order to increase marketability, this device should be modified for indoor use and made capable of collecting bedbugs as well. Bedbug control is very expensive and often requires multiple treatments. These issues and the additional problem of pesticide resistance, makes alternatives such as the proposed trap attractive to the pest management industry. Furthermore, a novel tick collecting device as such as this would be of great value to organizations involved in tick epidemiology and research. Examples are University and Industry Entomologist, Vector Control Districts, Vector Biologist, Vector Ecologist, and Public Health agencies.

REFERENCES:

• Cohnstaedt, L., Rochon, K., Duehl, A., Anderson, J., Barrera, R., Su, N., Gerry, A., Obenauer, P., Campbell, J., Lysyk, T., and Allan, S. 2012. Arthropod Surveillance Programs: Basic Components, Strategies, and Analysis. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 105(2): 135 – 149
• Armed Forces Pest Management Board (AFPMB) Technical Guide 26, http://www.afpmb.org/sites/default/files/pubs/techguides/tg26.pdf

KEYWORDS: Tick, trap, robot, drone, CO2, vector, surveillance, Lyme

 

TECHNOLOGY AREA(S): Biomedical

OBJECTIVE: Develop and validate antibodies for broad-spectrum detection of Shigella spp. and non-typhoidal Salmonella enterica. The antibody or antibody mixture should be of sufficient sensitivity to bind concentrations of these bacteria that are found in stool samples from diseased patients, be readily incorporated into both ELISA and lateral flow immunoassay platforms, and be compatible with use in an austere environment (resistant to degradation in environmental extremes).

DESCRIPTION: Gastrointestinal illnesses caused by bacterial infection are a frequent cause of loss of duty days and other physiologic sequelae in Service members while deployed. In this population, the causative agents are often enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli, Campylobacter spp., Shigella spp., and non-typhoidal Salmonella; however, a significant number of cases are undiagnosed (45.6%) [Connor et al., Curr Opin Infect Dis, 2012]. The clinical symptoms include nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and abdominal cramps. These infections are readily communicable between individuals sharing close quarters such as military camps and bases, daycares, and naval vessels. Transmission is most frequently through the consumption of contaminated food and person-to-person contact. Due to the operational environment, patients seen at the military equivalent of an outpatient clinic (Role of Care 1) must be quickly treated and returned to duty or evacuated to a medical unit with expanded diagnostic and treatment capabilities (Role of Care 2-4). Therefore, differential diagnosis on the day of symptom onset is essential. In military settings, the point of need is frequently an austere environment without, for example, access to typical laboratory infrastructure, reliable electric power, refrigeration or controlled room-temperature storage, or specially trained laboratory personnel. Contributing to the negative impact on the infected individual and the burden on the unit’s mission is the lack of laboratory diagnostic capability.

There are limited FDA-cleared diagnostic devices for bacterial diarrheal pathogens (FDA, http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cdrh/devicesatfda/index.cfm), particularly for Shigella spp and non-typhoidal Salmonella. While culture or laboratory developed tests using PCR or ELISA can be performed at heavily equipped diagnostic laboratories, these platforms are not compatible with deployment.

The military recently identified lateral flow immunochromatographic tests (ICT) as the platform of choice for rapid infectious disease diagnostics. However, critical reagents for these assays that sufficiently detect the serotypes of these pathogens are challenging to generate and no novel antibodies have been cleared by the FDA for decades. Moreover, those antibodies that do exist in have a number of deficiencies such as insufficient sensitivity and unwanted serotype-specificity. Thus, the military has a requirement for the development of "pan-Shigella" and "pan-Salmonella" antibodies that are used in ICT platforms that are sufficiently sensitive to diagnose patients infected by any serotype or species of Shigella or non-typhoidal Salmonella by rapid and direct analysis of unprocessed stool. The antibodies should be designed to minimize false positive or false negative results. Because there are many different serotypes of Shigella and non-typhoidal Salmonella that are prevalent, the antibodies should not differentiate between serotypes of the given pathogen. However, the antibodies should be pathogen-specific and be able to differentiate between Shigella and non-typhoidal Salmonella, as well as differentiate either Shigella or Salmonella from other common enteric bacterial pathogens such as Campylobacter and various E. coli virotypes (i.e. EHEC, EPEC, ETEC, EAEC, not EIEC) The proposed reagents should be developed with the application for incorporation into a diagnostic device that will be cleared by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for use as a diagnostic device.

The U.S. Department of Defense is seeking innovative materiel solutions to provide pan-Shigella and pan-Salmonella reagents that can be used to diagnose gastrointestinal illnesses caused by Shigella and Salmonella spp. Development of an FDA-cleared diagnostic device is not contemplated within the scope of Phases I, II, or III of this effort.

PHASE I: Specific Aim 1: Antibodies raised against Gram-negative enteric pathogens are typically directed to the immunodominant O-antigen, making such antibodies largely serotype-specific. For the purposes of a point-of-care rapid diagnostic device, serotype-specific antibodies impart a degree of specificity that is not only unnecessary for treatment decisions, but also adds excessive complexity and cost to R&D efforts. Consequently, there is a critical need for antibodies that are specific enough to identify clinically-relevant levels of Shigella and non-typhoidal Salmonella in human stool samples, but are not restricted to particular serotypes. Recombinant antibody technology is non-animal model dependent and generates monoclonal antibodies, but there is a dearth of data and product available for Shigella and Salmonella spp. The process generally consists of (1) generation of an antibody gene library; (2) display of the library on phage coats or cell surfaces (3) isolation of antibodies against an antigen of interest; (4) modification of the isolated antibodies and (5) scaled up production of selected antibodies in a cell culture expression system. This approach has been successful in the generating antibodies that have been FDA-cleared previously, and utilizing this rational engineering approach should overcome the natural immunodominance of the bacterial O-antigens.

As part of this topic, the Contractor will demonstrate proof of concept of this technology and generate Shigella and Salmonella spp. antibodies for broad-spectrum detection against a wide range of clinically relevant samples of multiple species and serotypes using recombinant antibody technology. Deliver a report documenting the measures taken to generate these antibodies and the performance of these antibody reagents. Comparison to commercially available antibodies should also be performed.

Specific Aim 2: In the event that no suitable antibodies are identified in Aim 1, the Contractor will develop and execute alternative approaches for the generation of novel pan-Shigella and pan-Salmonella antibodies or optimization of existing reagents. The Contractor will deliver antibody reagents that are pathogen-specific and serotype-independent and a report documenting their development and initial performance.

PHASE II: Specific Aim 3: Based on the work in Phase I, demonstrate the performance of pan-Shigella and pan-Salmonella antibody reagents (generated using recombinant antibody technology or an alternative approach if needed) capable of detecting Shigella and Salmonella at clinically-relevant concentrations directly from a human stool matrix. Sensitivity and specificity testing using spiked stool samples should be performed. Cross reactivity against other non-Shigella and non-Salmonella bacterial species should be performed. The Contractor will deliver a report documenting the data demonstrating performance of the reagents. The Contractor will also deliver sufficient quantities of reagents to allow the DoD to perform 150 tests during a DoD in-house laboratory evaluation.

PHASE III DUAL USE APPLICATIONS: By the end of Phase III, the Contractor will have optimized and validated reagents that may be available for sale and/or licensure or establish a partnership with a diagnostic device company that develops and/or manufactures lateral flow immunoassays for bacterial diarrheal pathogens. Depending on the quality and nature of the antibodies, it is also possible that these antibodies may be evaluated for use as a therapeutic; however, therapeutic use is not the intended application of this topic.

Such a device supports the Military Infectious Disease Research Program (https://midrp.amedd.army.mil/info/PGAreas.jsp), U.S. Army Medical Research and Materiel Command, and the Pharmaceutical Systems Project Management Office, U.S. Army Medical Materiel Development Activity (USAMMDA). USAMMDA is the advanced developer of medical materiel for the U.S. Army and manages contracts for product development from after the proof-of-concept phase through initial fielding to operational units.

Further, the device may have commercial market applicability to the health care, cruise ship, and childcare industries and possibly also the airline, hospitality, and food service industries, and non-governmental and intergovernmental organizations (NGOs and IGOs) implementing public health, humanitarian assistance, and disaster relief projects in the developing world.

REFERENCES:

• Connor P., Porter C.K., Swierczewski B., Riddle, M.S. Diarrhoea during military deployment: current concepts and future directions. Current Opinions in Infectious Diseases. 2012 Oct;25(5):546-54. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22907281
• Jones TF, Gerner-Smidt P. Nonculture diagnostic tests for enteric diseases. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2012 Mar;18(3):513-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3309642/
• Riddle MS, Sanders JW, Putnam SD, Tribble DR. Incidence, etiology, and impact of diarrhea among long-term travelers (US military and similar populations): a systematic review. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 2006 May;74(5):891-900. http://www.ajtmh.org/content/74/5/891.long

KEYWORDS: Clinical laboratories, communicable diseases, diagnosis medicine, diagnostic equipment, diarrhea, Salmonella, Shigella, antibodies, reagents, ELISA, lateral flow immunoassays, infectious diseases, laboratory equipment, laboratory tests, medical laboratories

 

TECHNOLOGY AREA(S): Biomedical

OBJECTIVE: Development of a novel device for the stabilization of moderate to severe brain injury at point of injury/point of need that can be used by first responders in the deployed environment (medics and corpsmen).

DESCRIPTION: TBI is the signature injury of Iraq and Afghanistan conflicts, accounting for approximately 20-25% of the Joint Theater Trauma Registry (JTTR) reviewed combat casualties [1]. Between 2000 and Q3FY15, 37,147 service members sustained a moderate/severe brain injury [2].

Neurological damage from TBI is a consequence of both the moment of impact or injury as well as the secondary injury that evolves over the hours and days post-injury. To maximize outcomes, TBI care should begin as soon as possible after injury and be targeted to prevent or mitigate the secondary, delayed insults [3]. Improved TBI outcomes reflect cumulative care delivered throughout the casualty care continuum including (1) battlefield first responder care, (2) tactical field and tactical evacuation care, and (3) subsequent care across the global military care system. Early resuscitative attempts by the Medics include hemorrhage control, hypertonic saline, prehospital endotracheal intubation, and hyperventilation [4]. The “Golden Hour” is based upon the movement of the injured to a fixed location within 60 minutes. During the OIF/OEF conflicts casualties were moved rapidly and efficiently through echelons of care. Force 2025 however predicts complex combat scenarios where evacuation time is expected to be significantly longer. This requires bringing the advanced capabilities forward for Prolonged Field Care (PFC) by medics/corpsmen [5]. Military medical research, advanced development, testing, and evaluation (RDT&E) are part of a vital national security strategy to prepare for future combat scenarios. [6]

In this solicitation we are requesting proposals addressing the mitigation/prevention of secondary brain injury from moderate, severe, and penetrating TBI. Specifically, this solicitation is seeking a device for use during PFC to stabilize casualties who sustain a moderate-severe TBI. The proposal shall address not only preliminary data to support the therapeutic claims, but it should also provide a plan for an effective, logistically supportable deployment during PFC.

The outcome for this proposal is the development of a battlefield therapeutic device for moderate-severe TBI. It is expected that this intervention will enable the Medic/Corpsman to administer interventions earlier, ultimately resulting in improved outcomes. The device will be ruggedized, portable, field deployable and be able to withstand extreme conditions such as cold, heat, and high altitude, and fit into a Medic or Corpsman bag. If capability requires power it must be battery powered with appropriate battery life.

PHASE I: Design/develop an innovative device to prevent or reduce secondary brain injury for use point of injury/Role1. The effort should clearly describe the scientific, technical feasibility, and commercial merit of developing a low-cost medical device to be used by medical providers of all levels in Combat Medical Programs. The submitter shall define the proposed concept(s) and develop key component of milestones; technical risks to the approach; costs, benefits, and schedule associated with the development and demonstration of the prototype. It is expected that the submitter analyze, assess and verify the Technological Readiness Level (TRL) of the proposed device at the conclusion of phase 1. The offeror may consider initiating discussions with the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) regarding requirements and end points necessary to obtain FDA approval. The final report shall include the design of the device, including performance goals, associated metrics, and conceptual validation through simulation or other means.

Example approaches, include, but are not limited to; medical device to allow for surgical interventions in the far forward environment; devices to decrease intracranial pressure; devices to stop intracranial bleeding; solutions to sanitize an open skull injury and prevent infection; interventions that in the past were performed at higher level of care. The device will be ruggedized, portable, field deployable and be able to withstand extreme conditions such as cold, heat, and high altitude. If capability requires power it must be battery powered with appropriate battery life.

PHASE II: Based on the Phase I design and development feasibility report, the offeror shall produce a prototype device demonstrating medical efficacy according to the criteria and milestones developed in Phase I. The offeror will deliver the prototype for DoD evaluation. The offeror shall deliver a report describing the design and standard operation procedures (SOP) of the prototype as well as a comprehensive instruction manual for use.

It is expected that the submitter analyze, assess and verify the Technological Readiness Level (TRL) of the proposed device at the conclusion of Phase II.

Prior to conducting human studies, the offeror, using an appropriate animal model of moderate to severe TBI, must show effective stabilization and/or prevention of secondary injury to the brain. Only after such studies can the project be translated into human studies.

Based on the Phase I design and development feasibility report, the performer shall produce a prototype demonstrating potential medical utility in accordance with the success criteria developed in Phase I. The performer will then deliver the prototype for DoD evaluation. The performer shall deliver a report describing the design and operation of the prototype. The intent of this phase is for the developer to deliver a well-defined prototype (i.e., a technology or product) meeting the requirements of the original solicitation topic and which can be made commercially viable. The prototype should slow or mitigate secondary brain injury. The offeror shall provide a clear plan on how FDA clearance will be obtained.

PHASE III DUAL USE APPLICATIONS: Follow-on activities shall include a demonstration of the application of this system to the Military Health System in deployed and non-deployed environments, paramedics, civilian air evacuation transport, civilian hospitals, residency training programs, and other military medical personnel. The offeror shall focus on transitioning the device technology from research to operational capability and shall demonstrate that this system could be used in a broad range of military and civilian settings by paramedics, physicians and midlevel providers in austere medical environments. The offeror shall provide a clear plan on how FDA clearance will be obtained.

REFERENCES:

• Owens, B.D., et al., Combat wounds in operation Iraqi Freedom and operation Enduring Freedom. J Trauma, 2008. 64(2): p. 295-9.
• Armed Forces Health Surveillance, C., Deployment-Related Conditions of Special Surveillance Interest, U.S. Armed Forces, by Month and Service, January 2003-August 2012. MSMR, 2012. 19(9): p. 20.
• Joint Theatre Trauma System: Management of Patients with Severe Head Trauma Clinical Practice Guideline. 16 JUN 2014.
• Fang, R., et al., Early in-theater management of combat-related traumatic brain injury: A prospective, observational study to identify opportunities for performance improvement. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2015. 79(4 Suppl 2): S181-7
• Rasmussen T., et al., In the “Golden Hour”, Army AL&T, January-March 2015, 80-85
• Rasmussen T., et al., Why Military Medical Research?, Military Medicine, 179, 8:1, 2014.

KEYWORDS: Traumatic brain injury, intracranial hypotension, intracranial hypertension, elevated intracranial pressure (ICP), cerebral vasospasm, hypoxemia, respiratory ventilation, device

TECHNOLOGY AREA(S): Biomedical

OBJECTIVE: Development of a novel treatment for the stabilization of moderate to severe brain injury at point of injury/point of need that can be used by first responders in the deployed environment (medics and corpsmen).

DESCRIPTION: TBI is the signature injury of Iraq and Afghanistan conflicts, accounting for approximately 20-25% of the Joint Theater Trauma Registry (JTTR) reviewed combat casualties [1]. Between 2000 and Q3FY15, 37,147 service members sustained a moderate/severe brain injury [2].

Neurological damage from TBI is a consequence of both the moment of impact or injury as well as the secondary injury that evolves over the hours and days post-injury. To maximize outcomes, TBI care should begin as soon as possible after injury and be targeted to prevent or mitigate the secondary, delayed insults [3]. Improved TBI outcomes reflect cumulative care delivered throughout the casualty care continuum including (1) battlefield first responder care, (2) tactical field and tactical evacuation care, and (3) subsequent care across the global military care system. Early resuscitative attempts by the Medics include hemorrhage control, hypertonic saline, prehospital endotracheal intubation, and hyperventilation [4]. The “Golden Hour” is based upon the movement of the injured to a fixed location within 60 minutes. During the OIF/OEF conflicts casualties were moved rapidly and efficiently through echelons of care. Force 2025 however predicts complex combat scenarios where evacuation time is expected to be significantly longer. This requires bringing the advanced capabilities forward for Prolonged Field Care (PFC) by medics/corpsmen [5]. Military medical research, advanced development, testing, and evaluation (RDT&E) are part of a vital national security strategy to prepare for future combat scenarios. [6]

In this solicitation we are requesting proposals addressing the mitigation/prevention of secondary brain injury from moderate, severe, and penetrating TBI. Specifically, this solicitation is seeking a drug or therapy for use during PFC to stabilize casualties who sustain a moderate-severe TBI. The proposal shall address not only preliminary data to support the therapeutic claims, but it should also provide a plan for an effective, logistically supportable deployment during PFC.

The outcome for this proposal is the development of a battlefield therapeutic treatment for moderate-severe TBI. It is expected that this intervention will enable the Medic/Corpsman to administer interventions earlier, ultimately resulting in improved outcomes. The treatment will be field deployable and be able to withstand extreme conditions such as cold, heat, and high altitude, and fit into a Medic or Corpsman bag.

PHASE I: Test a promising and innovative drug to prevent or reduce secondary brain injury for use point of injury/Role1. To facilitate rapid translation from preclinical study to clinical application in human population, this work will be performed in a large animal (ex. swine or sheep) or non-human primate preclinical model of moderate-severe TBI. The effort should clearly describe the scientific, technical feasibility, and commercial merit of developing a low-cost drug for use by medical providers of all levels in Combat Medical Programs. The submitter shall define the proposed concept(s) and develop key component of milestones; technical risks to the approach; costs, benefits, and schedule associated with the development and demonstration of the safety and efficacy of the treatment. It is expected that the submitter analyze, assess and verify the Technological Readiness Level (TRL) of the proposed treatment at the conclusion of phase 1. The offeror is encouraged to engage in early discussions with the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) regarding requirements and end points necessary to obtain FDA approval. The final report shall include the composition of the treatment, including performance goals, associated metrics, and conceptual validation through simulation or other means, and status of FDA communications.

Example approaches, include, but are not limited to; pharmaceutical treatment to mitigate the progression of secondary brain injury by targeting the Blood Brain Barrier, Brain Blood Barrier, inflammatory response, or resuscitative adjunct. The treatment will be field deployable and be able to withstand extreme conditions such as cold, heat, and high altitude

PHASE II: Based on the Phase I preclinical evidence of drug efficacy to treat and prevent secondary brain injury following a severe TBI report, the offeror shall provide a treatment protocol to demonstrate drug safety/ dose escalation in a normal patient population according to the criteria and milestones developed in Phase I. The offeror will deliver the treatment to the DoD for evaluation. The offeror shall deliver a report describing the design and standard operation procedures (SOP) of the treatment.

It is expected that the submitter analyze, assess and verify the Technological Readiness Level (TRL) of the proposed therapeutic drug at the conclusion of Phase II. Prior to conducting human studies, the offeror, using an appropriate animal model of moderate to severe TBI, must show effective stabilization and/or prevention of secondary injury to the brain. Only after such studies can the project be translated into human studies. These studies shall be concluded in Phase I of this SBIR.

Based on the Phase I design and drug efficacy report, the performer shall produce a protocol (dosage, route of administration, timing of intervention) demonstrating potential medical utility in accordance with the success criteria developed in Phase I. The performer will then deliver the drug and protocol for DoD evaluation. The performer shall deliver a protocol describing the therapeutic drug dose escalation and safety testing administration. The intent of this phase is for the developer to deliver a well-described intervention meeting the requirements of the original solicitation topic and which can be made commercially viable. The offeror will provide a clear plan on how FDA clearance will be obtained.

PHASE III DUAL USE APPLICATIONS: Follow-on activities shall include the necessary studies requested by the FDA to gain clearance of the drug for use in severe TBI population. The offeror shall focus on working towards getting the therapy FDA approved for the indication to treat severe TBI. The offeror shall provide a clear plan on how FDA clearance will be obtained.

REFERENCES:

• Owens, B.D., et al., Combat wounds in operation Iraqi Freedom and operation Enduring Freedom. J Trauma, 2008. 64(2): p. 295-9.
• Armed Forces Health Surveillance, C., Deployment-Related Conditions of Special Surveillance Interest, U.S. Armed Forces, by Month and Service, January 2003-August 2012. MSMR, 2012. 19(9): p. 20.
• Joint Theatre Trauma System: Management of Patients with Severe Head Trauma Clinical Practice Guideline. 16 JUN 2014.
• Fang, R., et al., Early in-theater management of combat-related traumatic brain injury: A prospective, observational study to identify opportunities for performance improvement. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2015. 79(4 Suppl 2): S181-7
• Rasmussen T., et al., In the “Golden Hour”, Army AL&T, January-March 2015, 80-85
• Rasmussen T., et al., Why Military Medical Research?, Military Medicine, 179, 8:1, 2014.

KEYWORDS: Traumatic brain injury, intracranial hypotension, intracranial hypertension, elevated intracranial pressure (ICP), cerebral vasospasm, hypoxemia, respiratory ventilation; therapy, drug. Blood Brain Barrier, therapeutic intervention, inflammation

 

 

TECHNOLOGY AREA(S): Biomedical

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this topic is to research, develop, and demonstrate a ruggedized Ultra-wideband Microphone Toggle (UMT) communications device which will enable Flight Medics or others to direct input from their headset microphone to either the vehicle or aircraft intercom system, or to either of two secure Ultra-Wideband (UWB) applications on a Nett Warrior Smartphone aka End User Device (EUD): 1) an existing UWB Voice-to-Text application or, 2) UWB Push-to-Talk verbal communication with another Medic via their Nett Warrior EUDs.

DESCRIPTION: This topic is designed to focus on research, development, and demonstration of a ruggedized Ultra-Wideband (UWB) Microphone Toggle (UMT) communications device which will enable Medics to direct input from their headset microphone to either the vehicle or aircraft intercom system, or to either of two secure UWB applications on a Nett Warrior Smartphone aka End User Device (EUD): 1) an existing UWB Voice-to-Text application supporting the capture of information into the electronic DD 1380 / Tactical Combat Casualty Care (TCCC) card or, 2) UWB Push-to-Talk verbal communication with another Medic via their Nett Warrior EUDs.

Military Medics from the Army, Navy, and Air Force on board both ground and air MEDEVAC and CASEVAC platforms use helmet mounted military headsets with microphones to communicate via vehicle and aircraft intercom systems, depending on the vehicle. While versions of these military headsets using NATO communication jacks are available that allow a user to monitor more than one communications system at a time, they do not generally support distinct verbal communications with more than one system without manually disconnecting and reconnecting microphone cables. In order to support simultaneous monitoring of both the vehicle or aircraft intercom system and verbal communications with other Medics, as well as enable the Medic to select between the vehicle or aircraft intercom, the UWB Voice-to-Text application, or UWB Push-to-Talk verbal communications with another Medic via their Nett Warrior EUDs, an UMT device that would enable the Medic to manually direct input from his microphone to the desired communication system is needed.

Army Medics, Navy Corpsman, Air Force Pararescuemen, and Army Flight Medics will use EUDs with the JOMIS electronic DD 1380 to capture electronic medical data on casualties treated at the point of injury and during enroute casualty evacuation, subsequently transmitting the data via military tactical networks to be uploaded to the casualty’s electronic medical record. In order for the Mounted or Flight Medic to capture casualty care on the EUD, the Medic requires a UMT device that is used in-line with the existing vehicle or aircraft plug-in intercom system and the Medic’s helmet. This capability addresses a current capability gap: the ability to electronically document patient injuries and treatment at point of injury and during pre-hospital evacuation. Additionally, the Pararesucuemen and Flight Medics needs to communicate with ground Medics and Corpsman via the EUD, potentially over a wireless UWB network, which provides direct Medic-to-Medic communication without encumbering any bandwidth from the ground or aircraft tactical radio command and control networks.

The UMT device should work with the military standard specifications for communication headsets, to include both stand-alone and helmet-mounted headsets already integrated with communications systems on both ground and air MEDEVAC and CASEVAC platforms. The Mounted Medic is required to wear his helmet in the ambulance even when working on a casualty. Through a modified Medic helmet with microphone, the Mounted Medic in battle should be able to communicate with other Medics over UWB or communicate with the EUD to capture and document the casualty’s medical care while enroute through the UWB Voice-to-Text application. Typically the Pararescuemen and Flight Medic’s helmet is designed to plug into the rotary- or fixed-wing aircraft’s communication system using a standard communications jack, thereby allowing the Pararecuemen or Flight Medic to consistently hear all communications on the aircraft. When the rotary-wing aircraft lands to pick up a patient, the Flight Medic may disconnect from the aircraft communication system to assist in the loading of casualties and subsequently reconnect as soon as possible to update the aircrew the Flight Medic’s status.

With the UMT device, the Flight Medic should be able to select from three options: 1) communicate with flight crew, 2) dictate to the EUD using Voice-to-Text for the JOMIS DD 1380, and 3) communicate with the Medic(s) or Corpsman on the ground using and within UWB range.

At all times the Medic needs to monitor crew transmissions.

The UMT will be no more than a half inch thick, three inches wide, three inches high, and contain the UWB electronics and battery support, a female NATO standard plug receptacle for the Pararescuremen or Flight Medic’s helmet, and a NATO male plug to connect to the rotary- or fixed-wing communications system cable. When the Flight Medics desires to talk to or through the EUD, the UMT will be selected to the appropriate mode: intercom, Voice-to-Text, or EUD-to-EUD voice communications. The UWB UMT case and EUD will contain the software to execute the Voice-to-Text or EUD-to-EUD voice communications applications.

After Phase III development, the final production model of a UMT device must be ruggedized for shock, dust, sand, and water resistance to enable reliable, uninterrupted operation in combat rotary- and fixed-wing aircraft on the move, to include operation and storage at extreme temperatures. Size and weight are important factors. It should be easy and quick to replace the battery in the device.

Quantitative values for acceptable operational and storage temperatures and power requirements should be planned to comply with applicable MIL-SPECs (pending CERDEC’s release). The UMT device shall meet fleet-wide airworthy requirements set forth by Joint Enroute Care Equipment Test Standard; proponent: U,S. Army Aeromedical Research Laboratory (USAARL).

This technology is additionally applicable to civilian ambulances when underway and the noise from the sirens and road conditions make it hard for the medical technicians to verbally document their care and create an electronic medical note for the hospital.

PHASE I: Research solutions and design a prototype device that address the technical challenges for this topic as identified above for a capability that incorporates a feasible Medic’s Ultra Wideband Microphone Toggle device solution.

Further develop commercialization plans that were developed in the Phase I proposal for elaboration or modification to be incorporated in the Phase II proposal. Explore commercialization potential with civilian emergency medical service systems development and manufacturing companies. Seek partnerships within government and private industry for transition and commercialization of the production version of the product.

PHASE II: From Phase I work, develop at least five near market-ready operational ruggedized UWB Microphone Toggle devices, that include an air-worthiness certificate.

In cooperation with Telemedicine and Advanced Technology Research Center (TATRC), demonstrate the operational ruggedized devices with Medics in a relevant field environment; such as a Command, Control, Communications, Computers, Intelligence, Surveillance and Reconnaissance (C4ISR) Ground Activity Events or Marine Corps Limited Objective Experiments (LOE), etc.

Further develop out commercialization plans contained in the Phase II proposal for elaboration or modification in Phase III. Firm up collaborative relationships and establish agreements with military and civilian end users to conduct proof-of-concept evaluations in Phase III. Begin to execute transition to Phase III commercialization potential in accordance with the Phase II commercialization plan.

PHASE III DUAL USE APPLICATIONS: Refine and execute the commercialization plan included in the Phase II Proposal. The Phase III plan shall include looking at other military service specifications, U.S. Air Force, U.S. Navy, and U.S. Marine Corps to meet their requirements for headset connections and airworthiness certification of UWB per specific airframe. The production variant may be evaluated in an operational field environment such as Marine Corps Limited Objective Experiment (LOE), Army Network Integration Exercise (NIE), etc. depending on operational commitments.

Present the product ready device as a candidate for fielding, to applicable Army, Navy/Marine Corps, Air Force, Department of Defense, Program Managers for Combat Casualty Care systems along with government and civilian program managers for emergency, remote, and wilderness Medicine within state and civilian health care organizations. Execute further commercialization and manufacturing through collaborative relationships with partners identified in Phase II.

REFERENCES:

• Article: Ultra-Wideband Technology for Short- or Medium-Range Wireless Communications, by: Jeff Forster, Evan Green, Srinivasa Somayazulu, and David Leeper. http://ecee.colorado.edu/~ecen4242/marko/UWB/UWB/art_4.pdf
• Article: Medical Applications of Ultra-Wideband (UWB), by Jianli Pan.
   
  http://www1.cse.wustl.edu/~jain/cse574-08/ftp/uwb/index.html
• Article: Pushing the Ultrawideband Envelope, by Henry S. Kenyon.
   
  http://www.afcea.org/content/?q=pushing-ultrawideband-envelope

KEYWORDS: Ultra Wideband (UWB) Communications Interface, Flight Medic support, combat casualty care communications, combat Medic, Tele-Medicine, mobile device interface, push-to-talk, wireless, Personal Area Networks (PAN)

 

 

TECHNOLOGY AREA(S): Biomedical

OBJECTIVE: This topic seeks non-conduit solutions to improve functional recovery from peripheral nerve injury by addressing factors distal to the site of a peripheral nerve injury. This topic does not include nerve guide, conduit, or scaffold technology, nor factors, cells, or other adjuvants associated with same.

DESCRIPTION: Clinical methods of target maintenance until reinnervation remains an unmet need in nerve repair.

• 5-6% of all battlefield injuries involve major injury to a peripheral nerve
• Functional recovery after PNI is highly age-dependent, with the decline beginning at, or just after, puberty; <50% of those older than 50 who suffer nerve injury will regain function
• Muscle fibrosis and atrophy begins immediately after denervation and plateaus after four months when 60–80% of muscle volume has been lost. At that point, even if the muscle is reinnervated, it will not return to premorbid bulk or contractile strength.
• After two months of denervation, a reduced number of motor units is observed in muscle, while the number of muscle fibers remains constant
• The neuromuscular junction undergoes age-related changes, even without denervation/nerve transection
• In rat models, neuromuscular recovery declines after prolonged denervation, despite excellent axonal recovery, suggesting the neuromuscular junction may be implicated

Myriad neural conduits composed of various materials—PLGA, PCLF, cadaveric epineurium, tyrosine polycarbonate, decellularized nerve sheath— either with or without the addition of stem cells, have been posed as solutions to the nerve regeneration problem, but none has proven to deliver superior functional recovery to autograft, which is the current gold standard of treatment. This suggests that bridging the nerve gap is only part of what is required to optimize functional recovery.

A few strategies have attempted to address denervated target organ preservation including PEG fusion, distal electrical stimulation, growth factors, stem cell therapy, and immunosuppression with FK5061. However, while some have shown promise, none is in widespread use to date, nor has sufficient clinical data to support adoption.

PHASE I: Conceptualize and design an innovative solution for maintaining functional muscle units following peripheral motor nerve injury. Such solutions may include devices, and/or cellular, tissue or biological components meant to facilitate directional axonal outgrowth and to promote more rapid and effective functional recovery of motor nerve injury. Phase I can support early concept work (i.e., in vitro studies), or efforts necessary to support a regulatory submission, which do not include animal or human studies; such as, but not limited to, stability studies, shipping studies, etc.

PHASE II: The researcher shall design, develop, test, finalize and validate the practical implementation of the prototype therapeutic that implements the Phase I methodology to improve functional recovery after peripheral nerve injury over this 2-year, $1.0M (max) effort. Phase II should demonstrate understanding of requirements to successfully enter Phase III, including how Phase II testing and validation will support a Food and Drug Administration (FDA) submission, if necessary for the product. Phase II studies may include animal or human studies, portions of effort associated with the same, or work necessary to support a regulatory submission which does not involve animal or human use, to include, but not limited to: manufacturing development, qualification, packaging, stability, or sterility studies, etc. The researcher shall also describe in detail the transition plan for the Phase III effort.

PHASE III DUAL USE APPLICATIONS: Plans for the commercialization/technology transition and regulatory pathway should be executed here and lead to FDA clearance/approval. They include: 1) identifying a relevant patient population for clinical testing to evaluate safety and efficacy and 2) GMP manufacturing sufficient materials for evaluation. The small business should also provide a strategy to secure additional funding from non-SBIR government sources and /or the private sector to support these efforts. The technology should be designed and receive approval to allow for procurement by, and use in, military treatment facilities in the United States, as well as in civilian hospitals treating nerve injuries.

REFERENCES:

• Grinsell, D, Keating, CW, “Peripheral Nerve Reconstruction after Injury: A Review of
   
  Clinical and Experimental Therapies,” Biomedical Research International. 2014.
   
  http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/698256 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4167952/?tool=pmcentrez

KEYWORDS: peripheral nerve, injury, regeneration, denervation, reinnervation, neuromuscular junction, sensory, motor

TECHNOLOGY AREA(S): Materials/Processes

OBJECTIVE: Develop and promote manufacturing improvements in the subsistence supply chain. Leverage the latest technologies, encourage innovation and modernization, and to maximize capability and capacity in subsistence. The research seeks to identify and test of low-risk, high-impact technology, quality and process improvements of the individual and group combat rations, and improvements in subsistence products/equipment. Research projects shall involve current trends related to combat rations, field feeding solutions, food innovations, and nutrition and health.

DESCRIPTION: DLA Subsistence Network topics of interest are short term manufacturing improvement projects that:

• Increase efficiency; reduce production and transportation lead times for field feeding systems, which provide food to troops in training or serving in combat operations
• Improve the quality, surge capability, reduce costs, or increase efficiency in combat rations processes/products
• Address making effective and efficient innovative changes to current established food production and food products
• Increase the nutritional value of food products and nutritional value of food products for troops in the field or in garrison
• Mitigate current or potential risks in the subsistence supply chain related to these topics
• Explains how the technology or improvement addresses short term and long term needs of DLA/DoD

Candidate technologies should balance commercial considerations and DoD requirements.

PHASE I: The research and development goals of Phase I are to identify Subsistence Network related opportunities to improve combat rations/field feeding equipment/food innovations/ nutrition and health in the DLA Subsistence Supply Chain. Develop plan for the innovative approach/improvement to the subsistence-related topics of interest. The research and development goals of Phase I are to identify and validate the feasibility of the technology or innovative process by demonstrating reduced cost, increased efficiencies, improved surge demands, enhanced quality (e.g., improved nutritional value, extending shelf life).

PHASE II: Based on the results achieved in Phase I, DLA Subsistence Network will decide whether to continue the effort based on the technical, commercial merit, and feasibility of the proposed solution. The research and development goals of Phase II are to demonstrate how the plan will be successfully executed and result in cost savings, efficiencies, quality improvements, or other performance measures. Further, demonstrate how the plan leverages existing or developing technology in subsistence-related topics that will improve the manufacturing process. Lastly, provide the cost benefit analysis with specific metrics for measuring progress and success.

PHASE III DUAL USE APPLICATIONS: At this point, no specific SBIR funding is associated with Phase III. The solution and its quantifiable results will be used to build a compelling business case where the agency may choose to pursue a sole source contract utilizing the technology developed through the Phase I and Phase II effort.

REFERENCES:

• DoD Manual1338.10, DoD Food Service Manual;
   
  http://www.dtic.mil/whs/directives/corres/pdf/133810m.pdf
• TB MED 530/NAVMED P-5010-1/AFMAN 48-147_IP, “Tri-Service Food Code,” October 7, 2013;
   
  http://www.med.navy.mil/directives/Pub/5010-1.pdf

KEYWORDS: Combat Rations, Nutrition and Health, Food Innovations, Field Feeding Solutions

 

TECHNOLOGY AREA(S): Materials/Processes

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this topic is to provide a best practice process and supporting technology requirements that will provide customers who receive material directly from DLA or DLA suppliers a user-friendly process for effective acknowledgement of receipt for these shipments.

DESCRIPTION: The process to ensure accurate accountability for materiel shipped directly from DLA or DLA suppliers provides both a process and technological challenge for DLA. The Materiel Receipt Acknowledgement (MRA) process is required for the Services to acknowledge the receipt of all DLA Direct and Customer Direct shipments. Missing MRAs is a DoD-wide problem shared by all Services and across all sources of supply. The impact of missing MRAs includes loss of accountability of the materiel, wasted resources to track materiel, supplier payment delays, late payment fees, as well as, auditability and inventory accuracy issues for both the Services and DLA.

1. Record receipts no later than five (5) business days from date materiel received.
2. Make associated assets visible from the point of inspection and acceptance within 24 hours of recording receipts (holidays and weekends excepted).
3. Notify the local accounting and finance office of the item receipt within 24-hours.
4. Notify the accountable property officer of recording receipts, when applicable.
5. Provide MRA for receipt of all shipments of materiel, whether requisitioned (pulled) or pushed to them, from any supply source, e.g., issues from stock; direct or prime vendor deliveries; or issues from DLA Disposition Services according to References (p) and (q). Inventory title transfer and customer billing is not predicated on processing of the MRA transaction.”

DLA seeks to identify industry best practices and associated technologies to improve the performance of the MRA process. The desired solution should emphasize convenience, speed, ease of use, low cost and minimal manual data entry.

PHASE I: The research and development goals of Phase I is to present industry best practices in comparison with DLA’s current state operation. Compare and contrast best practices to DLA’s current state and develop courses of action. Examine the feasibility of implementing various courses of action through analysis or proof of concept. The small business firm shall deliver a report to include a plan that identifies technologies and process improvements to support objective as well as a business case demonstrating the cost-benefit impact of implementation.

PHASE II: Based on the results achieved in Phase I, DLA Logistics Operations will decide whether to continue the effort based on the technical, commercial merit, and feasibility of the proposed solution. The research and development goals of Phase II are to conduct a limited demonstration and test of the new technology in one or more of the DLA supply chains, with a specific suppliers or a supply class and quantifiably demonstrate an increase in the MRA participation percentage, a reduction in MRA lead-time, and an improvement in data input accuracy.

PHASE III DUAL USE APPLICATIONS: At this point, no specific funding is associated with Phase III. The vendor will use its solution and quantifiable results to build a compelling business case where the agency may choose to pursue a sole source contract utilizing the technology developed through the Phase I and Phase II effort.

REFERENCES:

• DoDM 4140.01-V1, February 10, 2014

KEYWORDS: acceptance, accountability, inspection, inventory, materiel, materiel management, supply chain, supplier

 

 

TECHNOLOGY AREA(S): Air Platform, Battlespace, Chemical/Biological Defense, Ground/Sea Vehicles, Human Systems, Materials/Processes, Nuclear Technology, Sensors, Space Platforms, Weapons

OBJECTIVE: The Department of Defense (DOD) establishes internal DOD policies for detecting, avoiding, and remediating counterfeit parts in the DOD supply chain, and allocates responsibility among various DOD offices and functions for administering or developing those counterfeit prevention policies. Department of Defense Instruction (DODI) 4140.67, titled “DoD Counterfeit Prevention Policy,” was issued on April 26, 2013, and prescribes the federal government’s efforts to deal with the epidemic of counterfeit parts that led to the inclusion of a provision specifically targeted at counterfeit electronic parts in the fiscal year 2012 National Defense Authorization Act (NDAA). The Defense Logistics Agency (DLA) understands the challenges for our Original Equipment Manufacturers (OEMs) and Distributors that make up our supply base with regard to the development and implementation of technological solutions for counterfeit prevention. In an effort to meet the DODI 4140.67, DLA would like to explore technologies in tamper resistance/anti-counterfeit package labeling technologies.

DESCRIPTION: Identify and demonstrate a labelling technology that is applicable across the majority of packaging types for materiel that DLA buys. Demonstrate the technologies capability to detect the application of counterfeit labels or tampered packaging to prevent counterfeit materiel from entering the supply chain without more thorough inspection. The technology should be affordable and be able to detect tampered or counterfeit package labels at DLA’s supply centers and authorized dealers. Establish methods to identify compromised package labels and assess whether the package label is valid. At a minimum, the technology must be effective in preventing counterfeits by reliably authenticating items that have no evidence of tampering and have valid labeling. Anti-Counterfeiting features and tamper evident features may include, for example:

• Quick Response (QR) code – A QR code which can be scanned using a QR reader on a phone will take the user to a website page for validation
• Print Feature – Deliberate print markings that a counterfeiter may not think to replace
• Cold Foiling – Silver foil applied to a package making it more of a challenge to counterfeit
• Void Material – Upon peeling back the label material wording such as “VOID” can appear indicating that the packaging has been tampered with
• Radio frequency identification (RFID) tags – hidden under labels
• Thermochromatic ink – exposure to heat will make print features appear of disappear
• 2D Matrix – Information encoded text in black and white “cells” arranged in a square
• Microtext – Text that is printed so almost imperceptible to the human eye and only legible through a magnifying glass
• Holograms – Contains features that are hard to replicate by counterfeiters
• Fluorescent Inks – UV light reveals hidden code

PHASE I: The research and development goals of Phase I is to present a technology preferably used as an industry best practice. Examine the feasibility of implementing the technology for DLA’s supply chain through analysis or proof of concept. Prepare a test plan that demonstrates the technologies tamper and counterfeit detection capabilities. The small business firm shall deliver a report that presents the results of the demonstration, describes how the technology might be implemented at DLA, examines the level of detection and reliability of the technology to support the objective as well as the benefit associated with of implementation.

PHASE II: Based on the results achieved in Phase I, DLA Logistics Operations will decide whether to continue the effort based on the technical, commercial merit, and feasibility of the proposed solution.

PHASE III DUAL USE APPLICATIONS: At this point, no specific funding is associated with Phase III. The vendor will use its solution and quantifiable results to build a compelling business case where the agency may choose to pursue a sole source contract utilizing the technology developed through the Phase I and Phase II effort.

The developer will pursue dual commercialization of the various technologies and processes developed in prior Phases. Potential commercial uses in manufacturing mechanical parts or materials, labels, and other items determined to be at high risk for counterfeiting

REFERENCES:

• DoDI 4140.67, April 26, 2013, DoD Counterfeit Prevention Policy

KEYWORDS: Tamper Resistant, Anti-Counterfeit, Package Labeling, Packaging, Quick Response (QR) code, Print Feature, Cold Foiling, Void Material, Radio frequency identification (RFID) tags, Thermo-chromatic ink, 2D Matrix, Holograms, Fluorescent Inks

 

 

TECHNOLOGY AREA(S): Materials/Processes

The technology within this topic is restricted under the International Traffic in Arms Regulation (ITAR), which controls the export and import of defense-related material and services. Offerors must disclose any proposed use of foreign nationals, their country of origin, and what tasks each would accomplish in the statement of work in accordance with section 5.4.c.(8) of the solicitation.

OBJECTIVE: Develop, characterize, and manufacture innovative high temperature composites that 1) exploit newly available carbonized fibers and 2) eliminate and/or mitigate the issue associated with availability of carbonized rayon.

DESCRIPTION: Rayon-based fibers continue as the industry standard for ablative and non-ablative insulators in applications such as nozzles and reentry vehicles. In recent decades, environmental constraints have limited availability since rayon is no longer domestically produced. Many aerospace programs have stockpiled heritage material or utilize foreign sources. This topic focuses on domestically available replacement materials, such as structural or ablative insulators, with performance properties comparable to or exceeding rayon based high temperature composites.

In order to address domestic supply issues, many manufacturers have used Polyacrylonitrile (PAN) fibers as reinforcement for high temperature composites. However, PAN based fibers do not have the same thermal properties as rayon based fibers, and some PAN based materials have exhibited aging issues. New fibers, such as cellulose based fiber, have demonstrated properties very similar to rayon in the carbonized form. The thermal conductivity of carbonized rayon fiber is close to 5W/mK and on the order of 1W/mK for some rayon based composites. Other precursor fibers may also provide a viable domestic source for high temperature composites. Utilization of new fiber precursors could significantly decrease thermal conductivity of ablative and/or structural insulators. In addition, new fiber based architectures (braids, weaves, etc.) could improve mechanical and thermal properties. Efforts should demonstrate the feasibility of producing either structural or ablative insulator components (valve components, nozzle components, etc.) with improved thermal properties. Process technologies should be appropriate for modest production volumes, be repeatable, and offer significant potential for enhancing performance properties while improving producibility.

PHASE I: Evaluate the feasibility of either structural insulator or ablative insulator material concept with modeling and/or proof-of-concept material testing. Provide estimated performance and reliability characteristics. A sub-scale material fabrication demonstration and limited evaluation of critical properties is recommended in Phase I, but not required.

PHASE II: Continue material and process development through design, analysis, and experimentation. Optimize processing parameters for yield and quality. Coupon-level testing should be conducted to validate material models and generate property databases. Phase II should identify an insertion opportunity and conclude with a mature manufacturing process.

PHASE III DUAL USE APPLICATIONS: Iteratively design and fabricate prototype components for high-fidelity testing in a relevant high temperature environment for current or future missile defense applications. A successful Phase III would provide the necessary technical data to transition the technology into a missile defense application. The material could also provide benefit throughout the Department of Defense and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration.

REFERENCES:

• U.S. Missile Defense Agency. March 3, 2016. Ballistic Missile Defense System. Retrieved from http://www.mda.mil/index.html.
• R. C. Rossi. 1995. “Availability of Aerospace Rayon for SRM Nozzle Insulators.” American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics.
• Gisela Goldham. 2011. “TENCEL® Carbon Precursor.” 50th Man-Made Fiber Conference. Dornbirn, Austria. Lenzinger Berichte, 2012.
• U.S. Department of Defense. Undated. Ballistic Missile Defense Review. Retrieved from http://www.defense.gov/bmdr.
• George P. Sutton. 2010. "Rocket Propulsion Elements." 8th edition, John Wiley & Sons Inc.

KEYWORDS: carbon fibers, composites, high temperature materials, structural insulators, ablative insulators

 

TECHNOLOGY AREA(S): Materials/Processes, Sensors, Space Platforms

The technology within this topic is restricted under the International Traffic in Arms Regulation (ITAR), which controls the export and import of defense-related material and services. Offerors must disclose any proposed use of foreign nationals, their country of origin, and what tasks each would accomplish in the statement of work in accordance with section 5.4.c.(8) of the solicitation.

OBJECTIVE: Seek innovative technologies that provide complete thermophysical characterization of aerospace vehicle materials during the various stages of partial decomposition associated with rocket boosted ascent and reentry.

DESCRIPTION: The government performs thermal analyses on both the ascent and reentry flights for a wide range of booster and target vehicles. Efficient technologies are currently used to thermo-physically characterize the materials in the native state. However, vehicle velocities are normally high enough to create an aerothermal heating environment that leads to some level of material decomposition. The large flight velocity envelope associated with various missile defense vehicles and flight scenarios causes the vehicle material energetics/properties to constantly change. In addition, flight scenarios that are comprised of both ascent and reentry flight environments mandate that the vehicle materials must be thermally analyzed during multiple heating and cooling cycles. Accurate, time-efficient (from a data collection standpoint) and cost effective technologies are desired that fully thermo-physically characterize aerospace materials over the full range of decomposing states.

PHASE I: Develop an accurate, time efficient technology that fully characterizes the thermo-physical degradation. Perform appropriate coupon level testing to provide proof of concept. Define cost and measurement time estimates and the expected measurement accuracy range.

PHASE II: Comparisons should be made between the new thermo-physical characterization and the historic characterization data (wind tunnel and high-enthalpy arc-heated tests) to determine performance gains in thermal response accuracy. The time required to setup and acquire material measurements should be fully defined. Estimate the cost of collecting the measurements.

PHASE III DUAL USE APPLICATIONS: Phase III will leverage the results of Phase II and compare with data from previous government tests. The data from testing during Phases II and III will be incorporated into the material properties of existing models for use in future missile defense flight tests.

REFERENCES:

• June 20, 2013. Material Response Characterization of Low Density Carbon-Phenolic Ablators 10th International Planetary Probe Workshop San Jose, CA.
• B. B. Helber, O. Chazot, T. Magin, and A. Hubin. Undated. Aeronautics and Aerospace Department, von Karman Institute for Fluid Dynamics, Belgium Research Group Electrochemical and Surface Engineering, Vrije Universiteit Brussel.
• Sergey V. Baryshev, Robert A. Erck, Jerry F. Moore, Alexander V. Zinovev, C. Emil Tripa, and Igor V. Veryovkin. February 27, 2013. Characterization of Surface Modifications by White Light Interferometry: Applications in Ion Sputtering, Laser Ablation, and Tribology Experiments Vis Exp. 2013; (72)

KEYWORDS: material properties, materials modeling, thermal properties

 

 

TECHNOLOGY AREA(S): Air Platform, Battlespace, Sensors, Space Platforms

The technology within this topic is restricted under the International Traffic in Arms Regulation (ITAR), which controls the export and import of defense-related material and services. Offerors must disclose any proposed use of foreign nationals, their country of origin, and what tasks each would accomplish in the statement of work in accordance with section 5.4.c.(8) of the solicitation.

OBJECTIVE: Develop a technology capable of generating pre-planned scenes in exo- and endo-atmospheric flight test conditions operating over various frequency bands of the electromagnetic spectrum.

DESCRIPTION: The government has a requirement to assess the performance during flight test of missile systems capable of engaging threats in highly variable environments. The requested flight hardware scene generator system should have the capability to be tailored to allow testing of the viewing system to incrementally improve system engagements. The development of the prototype system must also account for deployment methodologies, dispersion rates, and maintain scene characteristics. The deployment methods should ensure multiple scene component characteristics that are capable of meeting various and multiple requirements. The dispersion rates must be aligned with the specified times of dispersion, locations of the scene components, and specific distances. This is essential for numerous sensor systems and associated technologies, as well as for testing missile capabilities.

The artificial scene generator (ASG) is envisioned to be a flexible modular system designed to fit in a predefined volume and interface to the delivery system according to an interface control document. Individual modules of the ASG should be developed to meet specific flight deployment characteristics required for missile test events. This system should have the capability to maintain dynamic control of multiple scene components and associated characteristics. Additionally, the system must meet the government-provided packaging size constraints.

Multiple module solutions are expected and encouraged. Proposed module designs do not have to accommodate all possible functions. However, all modules must be designed to be incorporated into a framework of fixed volume size, communications, electrical power, and interoperability as defined by the interface control document. If possible, approaches to these solutions should be scalable in dimensions to maximal extent, i.e. a solution should be able to be scaled up in size, number, or density as necessary. Leveraging commercial off the shelf technologies is encouraged to keep cost low as long as it does not inadvertently impact performance. Innovative solutions are sought that can achieve desired performance within the packaging size constraints.

PHASE I: Analyze the feasibility of developing modules of different measurement characteristics and develop initial designs. For each module design, the designer should provide a description of the expected measurement performance characteristics and provide both the fabrication and test plans along with a schedule to demonstrate those characteristics. Additionally, the designer should outline a path to miniaturization.

PHASE II: Complete the detailed design according to the government provided interface control document and environments for integration in government furnished hardware. Prototype test units should be fabricated and tested to demonstrate capabilities to generate desired scenes. Additional units should be fabricated for protoflight testing to determine if the modules can survive environments and for fit checks in government furnished hardware. Plans for miniaturization should be developed and any design modifications should be presented.

PHASE III DUAL USE APPLICATIONS: Fabricate selected module designs and conduct ground testing to demonstrate survivability in flight environments. Successful units may be incorporated into missile defense targets for flight tests.

REFERENCES:

• Terma. March 24, 2016. Self-Protection System Solutions for Wide-Body and Special Mission Aircraft. Retrieved from http://www.terma.com/defense/aircraft-survivability-equipment/self-protection-solutions/self-protection-system-solutions-for-wide-body-and-special-mission-aircraft/#sthash.QfCMPzQm.dpuf
• J.E. Costanza and R.A. Sellers. 2013. Large aircraft self-defense system installation configuration, US Patent 8,376,277. Retrieved from http://www.google.com/patents/US8376277.

KEYWORDS: modular, electromagnetic sensor testing, miniaturization, debris modeling

 

TECHNOLOGY AREA(S): Electronics, Space Platforms

The technology within this topic is restricted under the International Traffic in Arms Regulation (ITAR), which controls the export and import of defense-related material and services. Offerors must disclose any proposed use of foreign nationals, their country of origin, and what tasks each would accomplish in the statement of work in accordance with section 5.4.c.(8) of the solicitation.

OBJECTIVE: Develop innovative beacon technologies capable of generating custom pre-preprogrammed signals that consume low power, are miniaturized, and are low cost for use in various future missile flight test systems.

DESCRIPTION: The need for smaller and more efficient electronic beacon systems is growing due to smaller platforms that may not have the space or power delivery systems for all electronic items. As testing of the missile defense system involves multiple systems in flight at one time, there is also a need for beacons to operate in specific frequencies with the added flexibility to have each beacon generate a unique signal to allow the range radar resources to more effectively distinguish each beacon. The government is looking for novel approaches that have the capability to interface with various transmitters to meet different mission requirements.

The Programmable Signal Generator Module (PSGM) is envisioned to be a plug and play module that interfaces with a telemetry radio. The PSGM should generate a signal waveform that is defined before flight. The module should be as small as possible and must receive power externally from the transmitter. The module should be able to be programmed through the transmitter after integration in the vehicle. The commercial off the shelf baseline system should fit within the same size, weight, and power requirements as the current digital signal processing chip (23 x 23 mm, with a max power consumption of 3.3V and a few grams in weight) and should interface with the current telemetry radio.

PHASE I: Develop single board design approaches and demonstrate the programmability of the hardware to be able to generate any signal waveform including random signals. Completion of Phase I should result in designs for single small footprint modules to lead into Phase II.

PHASE II: Fabricate prototype module(s) and demonstrate hardware functionality. Conduct testing with a representative telemetry system. Phase II should conclude with a final design of the hardware and software.

PHASE III DUAL USE APPLICATIONS: Fabricate and ground test flight representative hardware to demonstrate survivability in missile flight environments. Successful modules may be incorporated into future government targets for flight tests.

REFERENCES:

• Texas Instruments, TMS320C6424x. March 23, 2016. Retrieved from
   
  http://www.ti.com/solution/signal_waveform_generator.
• Texas Instruments, Block Diagram (SBD) – Signal/Waveform Generator. March 23, 2016. Retrieved from http://www.ti.com/solution/signal_waveform_generator.
• T.B Welch, C.H. G. Wright, and M.G. Morrow. December 2011. Real-Time Digital Signal Processing from MATLAB to C with the TMS320C6x DSPs, 2nd Edition, CRC Press.

KEYWORDS: miniaturization, programmable component, modular, signal generation

 

 

TECHNOLOGY AREA(S): Materials/Processes, Sensors

ACQUISITION PROGRAM: NAVFAC Secondary Program of Record: Facilities Sustainment, Restoration and Modernization, and NAVFAC Criteria, Non-ACAT

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this SBIR topic is to develop a portable device or test kit for analyzing the presence of “pyrrhotite” in damaged concrete structures, as well as loose aggregate before it is mixed into fresh concrete. The ultimate goal of this technology is the prevention of costly repairs and replacement of concrete structures still in their early life cycle.

DESCRIPTION: The concrete industry is increasingly recognizing the extent of structural damage caused by a deleterious presence of “pyrrhotite” mineral in concrete aggregate. Current diagnostics to detect pyrrhotite require petrographic analysis of samples in a laboratory, a costly and time consuming process. There is a need for development of a novel and portable method for detecting and quantifying the presence of pyrrhotite in aggregate and concrete while in the field.

The Navy is a large consumer of cement and aggregate for its many construction and repair projects of piers, pilings, wharves, runways, and buildings. NAVFAC is responsible for new construction and sustainment of these facilities. This responsibility includes design, construction, maintenance and repair services for all concrete facilities. Additionally, the NAVFAC Criteria Office is responsible for technical adequacy of all Navy shore facilities design, construction and maintenance criteria. Pyrrhotite-related concrete corrosion may be a significant cost factor in Navy facilities sustainment, restoration, and new construction.

The Navy has issued numerous reports and guidance on Alkaline Aggregate Reaction, or AAR, and specifically ASR – Alkaline Silica Reaction in concrete, where “reactive” aggregate containing certain forms of silica combines with alkali hydroxide in the hydrated cement to form an expanding gel that breaks the concrete. NAVFAC’s guidance on pavements and marine concrete also mention the importance of limiting sulfate content in concrete. Although the effects of sulfate attacks in concrete have been appreciated for decades, the connection to pyrite and pyrrhotite minerals has only recently (late 1990s onward) been reported and researched in-depth. This may be due to current concrete technologies greatly advancing over the past decades. Today’s formulations include a number of ingredients (admixtures) to enhance both the fresh and the hardened concrete’s properties. These advanced formulations may contribute to the recent increase in pyrrhotite-related concrete failures.

Pyrrhotite is a naturally occurring iron sulfide mineral in the particular chemical form Fe(1-x)S , where x = 0 to 0.125. If pyrrhotite is present in the concrete, then water and oxygen, already present in the hydrated cement, will foster a chemical reaction that produces expansive by-products. Numerous recent news reports of pyrrhotite-caused structural damage are emerging from the U.S., Canada, Europe, and other locations around the world, indicating the problem may be much more widespread than previously thought by the construction industry. As a timely example, the mineral has been blamed for widespread foundation cracking in thousands of homes in Quebec, Canada. Officials estimate that 4000+ homes are affected. The Prime Minister has indicated the Quebec Province is spending over $30 Million to mitigate the problem, according to the Canadian Press.

Various remedial measures for pyrrhotite related concrete corrosion have been proposed, but the long term effectiveness of such in-place remediation has not been established. For housing foundations, as an example, the only method of remediation which can guarantee a permanent solution is removal of the pyritiferous material.

A portable device or test kit would be of great benefit for analyzing the presence of pyrrhotite in existing concrete structures suspected of having pyrrhotite-related damage, as well as in aggregate received at the job-site prior to mixing. If successful, this technology would prevent concrete formulations that are “doomed to failure” from being utilized in the DoD’s, and ultimately commercial, myriad of concrete facilities.

GUIDELINES FOR NEW TECHNOLOGY:

• Capable of operating in an outdoor field environment.
• Capable of holding calibration for 8+ hours of continuous operation.
• Device accuracy should provide at least one order of magnitude linearity, and be within ±5% of known values, in a range of 0.1 to 10% by weight pyrrhotite.
• Capable of consistent, repeatable measurement even with concentration variation over the desired range.
• Capable of directly reading and/or “swabbing” the aggregate or solid concrete sample.
• Capable of operation in an expeditionary environment. Such an environment for the military would include a lack of sheltering infrastructure with limited access to a reliable source of electricity and possible intemperate weather. Marine waterfront locations would further suffer from the presence of salt spray. Therefore, minimum environmental goals include operability in:
  • Temperatures of -10 to +35-degree Celsius
  • Humidity levels of 5 to 95% RH
  • Water–proof electronics housing.
• Sized for portability by one person, i.e. a maximum of 22-lbs for all components.
• Results provided real-time or near-real-time, with a total cycle time (sampling input to result output) goal of 5-minutes per sample.
• System availability and reliability of 1000-hours of operation.
• Minimal external requirements, i.e. kit should include any needed chemicals, compressed air or vacuum source, and include battery operation, in addition to 110-VAC power, if electricity is needed.

PHASE I: Determine feasibility for the development of a novel pyrrhotite detection method for efficacy in a laboratory environment, utilizing known standardized levels of the mineral in both loose aggregate and in formed concrete to assess accuracy. Development of the pyrrhotite detection method must show feasibility for eventual portability and field use.

PHASE II: Based on the results of Phase I, develop and demonstrate a bread-board pyrrhotite detection device with natural aggregate and concrete samples, and compare to independent laboratory analyses provide by the government. Assemble a full scale demo system to validate operation. Demo will be tested at a Navy facility with suspected pyrrhotite-related concrete degradation in order to prove performance.

Phase II Option, if awarded, will be used to advance the design to improve accuracy, reliability, and/or reduced system size.

PHASE III DUAL USE APPLICATIONS: Based on the results of Phase II, the small business will commercialize the device in combination with Navy-relevant concrete construction and repair projects. Private Sector Commercial Potential: The device would have wide application across both military and commercial sectors for checking aggregate lots prior to concrete mixing and for on-site failure / forensic analysis during repair projects.

REFERENCES:

• Hawkins, Brian A., Implications of Pyrite Oxidation for Engineering Works, Springer International Publishing, Switzerland, 2014.
• “Mineral to Blame in Cracking Foundations”, Durability & Design Magazine, May 11, 2016.
• Tulis, Ralph H., “Cracked Foundations Need Study by a State Task Force http://ctviewpoints.org/2015/10/08/cracked-foundations-need-study-by-a-state-task-force/ October 8, 2015.
• “Feds to Spend $30 Million in Quebec on Mineral Problem”, Canadian Press Release, April 2016. http://globalnews.ca/news/2622979/ottawa-to-spend-30-million-on-helping-quebec-homeowners-who-have-pyrrhotite/
• “Pyrite Problem – Exploring the Implications of Sulfur in Geological Materials for Civil Engineering”, http://www.pyriteproblem.com

KEYWORDS: pyrrhotite, pyrite, framboid, microcrystal, concrete, sulfate, aggregate, oxidation, sulfide

Questions may also be submitted through DoD SBIR/STTR SITIS website.

TECHNOLOGY AREA(S): Information Systems

ACQUISITION PROGRAM: Consolidated Afloat Networks and Enterprise Services (CANES)

OBJECTIVE: Develop a COTS obsolescence advanced planning and decision analysis tool built on an open source framework to automate business decisions and “what if analysis” for the Consolidated Afloat Networks and Enterprise Services (CANES) programs end of life (EOL) and end of support (EOS) components to assist in the obsolescence management strategy.

DESCRIPTION: CANES is the Navy’s only Program of Record to replace existing afloat networks and provide the necessary infrastructure for applications, systems, and services required for Navy to dominate the Cyber Warfare domain.

The fundamental goal of CANES is to provide Infrastructure and Platform as a Service, within which current and future iterations of Navy Tactical Network computing and storage capabilities will reside. CANES will provide complete infrastructure, inclusive of hardware, software, processing, storage, and end user devices for Unclassified, Coalition, Secret and Sensitive Compartmented Information (SCI) for all basic network services (email, web, chat, collaboration) to a wide variety of Navy surface combatants, submarines, Maritime Operations Centers, and Aircraft. In addition, hosted applications and systems, inclusive of Command and Control, Intelligence, Surveillance and Reconnaissance, Information Operations, Logistics and Business domains, require the CANES infrastructure to operate in the tactical environment.

The CANES network has to manage the complexities in scheduling and executing network installations afloat. The specific factors which create uncertainty and complexity are changing ship availabilities, budget limitations, and COTS End Of Life (EOL) or End Of Support (EOS) dates and when logistics buys can be implemented. The tool should be able to ingest relevant data such as, but not limited to, ships availabilities and product EOL dates, and that would assist in putting the information in context for Navy decision makers. The tool should additionally be able to address compatibility issues with other applications and components, Business Case Analysis trade-offs, and provide a recommended schedule for replacement. The ability to ingest these criteria into a tool and manipulate the data to improve visualization of the data, expected impacts and perform rapid “what if” planning would reduce the tedious effort of trying to map this manually.

There are no known commercial alternatives to a decision tool which can accommodate the myriad requirements around the required business processes, fiscal year funding profiles, changing ship availabilities and the COTS obsolescence plans from industry. The Navy is in a unique position of having limited shipboard installation opportunities which adds significant complexity to the problem set. These complexities include multiple unique configurations per ship platform that each need to be managed and tracked for EOL issues. Additionally, each Navy platform has hundreds of COTS products, each with their own tech refresh cycle and original equipment manufacturer (OEM), resulting in a multi-dimensional problem to manage.

With Cyber Security in mind, the challenge of managing COTS obsolescence is critical due to the threat that unsupported hardware and software poses to Navy networks. As the fielded networks age, the manpower required to track COTS obsolescence is a significant burden on programs. Due to program workloads and prioritization of new capabilities and newer networks, the current difficulties inherent in the manual processes result in not fully considering EOS/EOL when determining the acquisition planning and engineering changes to continue to support and accredit our systems. The product life cycle and well planned windows of engineering design and warfighter deployment are critical elements which dramatically affect the life cycle costs and total ownership cost of the CANES system and other IT systems fielded by the DoD. The current acquisition and sustainment efforts could be greatly improved with an innovative COTS obsolescence management tool that provides decision analysis and trade-offs associated with engineering design and deployment of COTS products. This becomes especially critical when combined with the limited windows of availability for installs due to high tempo operations. A COTS obsolescence decision analysis tool would enable the Navy and DoD to better manage technology refresh cycles and obsolescence in today’s high cyber threat environment.

PHASE I: The small business will define and develop a concept for an open source-based business analysis and decision tool to track COTS obsolescence and ingest externally available data such as ships availability schedules and ship configurations. The concept should include the ability to visualize the data in different human readable forms that enable the acquisition manager to make optimal acquisition and engineering decisions (cost, schedule, and performance). This capability would initially apply to CANES with the ultimate goal of applying to other DoD Command, Control, Communications, Computers, and Intelligence (C4I) programs. CANES may provide a relevant Build of Materials of representative equipment for the Small business to populate and understand the requirement. Small business will not have access to CANES for Phase I.

PHASE II: Based on the results of the Phase I effort and the Phase II Statement of Work (SOW), the small business will develop a beta software release and a prototype solution to demonstrate their capabilities. The analysis and decision tool to track COTS obsolescence prototype will be evaluated to determine its capabilities and benefits in meeting the performance goals defined in the Phase II SOW and in assisting the business decision and planning processes which are currently manually implemented. The software will be evaluated with examples of products going EOL/EOS and how that information is visualized within the products. Phase II testing will be representative of components going end of life/end of support and the tools ability to track and visualize this information.

PHASE III DUAL USE APPLICATIONS: The small business will be expected to support the Navy in transitioning the software product for Navy use on the CANES program as well as update support for the open source frameworks and data sources utilized. The company will finalize the design and deliver the software, according to the Phase III SOW, for evaluation to determine its effectiveness by the CANES Program and the CANES Systems Engineering Team. The company will support the Navy for test and evaluation in accordance with the SBIR Phase II SOW. Following testing and validation, the end design is expected to produce results outperforming the current CANES business processes and ad hoc methods in use today. Private Sector Commercial Potential: The software system described in this SBIR topic paper could have private sector commercial potential for any IT business which needs to determine optimal upgrade schedules to accommodate the IT obsolescence of their fielded network components.

REFERENCES:

• http://www.dmea.osd.mil/ob.html describes the obsolescence problem that this SBIR topic paper is focused on resolving.
• Diminishing Manufacturing Sources and Material Shortages (DMSMS) ACQUISITION GUIDELINES: Implementing Parts Obsolescence Management Contractual Requirements Rev 3.0 (2001). http://www.dmea.osd.mil/docs/acquisition_guidelines.pdf

KEYWORDS: CANES, COTS, Cyber Security, Obsolescence, SBIR, Transition, DMSMS

Questions may also be submitted through DoD SBIR/STTR SITIS website.

TECHNOLOGY AREA(S): Battlespace, Sensors

ACQUISITION PROGRAM: PMW 120 Information Operations / Intelligence Surveillance Reconnaissance Programs of Record

The technology within this topic is restricted under the International Traffic in Arms Regulation (ITAR), 22 CFR Parts 120-130, which controls the export and import of defense-related material and services, including export of sensitive technical data, or the Export Administration Regulation (EAR), 15 CFR Parts 730-774, which controls dual use items. Offerors must disclose any proposed use of foreign nationals (FNs), their country(ies) of origin, the type of visa or work permit possessed, and the statement of work (SOW) tasks intended for accomplishment by the FN(s) in accordance with section 5.4.c.(8) of the solicitation. Offerors are advised foreign nationals proposed to perform on this topic may be restricted due to the technical data under US Export Control Laws.

OBJECTIVE: Develop a compact system capable of identifying non-RF emitting targets at long range in both day/night operations from a ship-based platform. Ranges of interest are >150NM for airborne targets and >25NM for targets operating at or near the ocean surface. Desired target resolution should be approximately 10cm to support target identification.

DESCRIPTION: Maritime non-RF emitting targets are notoriously difficult to identify with sufficient resolution to allow for identification, even in clear weather conditions. While many commercial Electro-Optical / Infra-Red (EO/IR) devices are available, none readily address military requirements for ‘positive identification’ of small watercraft, Unmanned Arial Vehicles (UAV), and the proliferating variety of small form factor autonomous systems. Small boats are particularly problematic due to the necessity to differentiate and identify civilian craft (“White Shipping”) from military, state sponsored Intelligence, Surveillance, Reconnaissance (ISR) craft, terrorist, criminal and other waterborne threats and vessels of interest. In addition, gliding missiles that do not emit a thrust signature are of grave concern.

This topic seeks innovative research leading to the development of a ship-based long-range day / night imaging system, able to provide sufficiently high resolution at range to allow for identification of non-RF emitting sea and air borne targets operating in clear weather conditions. The resolutions required for this system may necessitate large apertures to contend with atmospheric effects; e.g. blurring, warping, scintillation, attenuation and/or multi-path clutter, but any solution offered must be feasible to operate in a typical navy combatant environment; e.g., Littoral Combat Ship, (LCS) Guided Missile Destroyer (DDG), Aircraft Carrier (CVN), etc.

Applicable systems may employ any number of technologies; e.g. optical, radio-frequency, infra-red, etc., but must address the particular technological risks for the technique selected.

Any solution offered must be feasible to operate in a typical shipboard environment. Maximum volume goal for transmit / receive system equipment should be no more than 0.75m cubed, where support electronics may be off boarded. On board Size Weight and Power (SWaP) constraints must adhere to current power, cooling, installation, etc. requirements for use aboard navy ships, specifically 3 phase 120 volt, 60 Hz power. Unit offered can also be portable / battery powered. Solutions requiring chill water cooling / higher voltage requirements are discouraged, but will be considered. Non-RF emitter systems must address the risks with optical, infra-red, millimeter wave power requirements at long range, resolution requirements, and atmospheric blurring, warping, scintillation etc. effects. Proposed systems must fit the SWaP constraints for the total system.’

Work produced in Phase II may become classified. Note: The prospective contractor(s) must be U.S. owned and operated with no foreign influence as defined by DoD 5220.22-M, National Industrial Security Program Operating Manual, unless acceptable mitigating procedures can and have been implemented and approved by the Defense Security Service (DSS). The selected contractor and/or subcontractor must be able to acquire and maintain a secret level facility and Personnel Security Clearances, in order to perform on advanced phases of this project as set forth by DSS and SPAWAR in order to gain access to classified information pertaining to the national defense of the United States and its allies; this will be an inherent requirement. The selected company will be required to safeguard classified material IAW DoD 5220.22-M during the advanced phases of this contract.

PHASE I: Perform design analysis to identify non-RF emitting ‘dark targets’ at the resolutions and ranges specified above. The effort will address how the recommended system will mitigate degrading effects inherent to the system chosen. The Phase I deliverables include a preliminary design recommendation and a final report.

PHASE II: Fabricate a demonstration prototype of the Phase I recommended system. The products of Phase II should include the tested prototype hardware system (including the software), where testing will involve the prototype image / identification of both cooperative and non-cooperative targets in a Navy furnished facility using Navy furnished data where required. The selected vendor will also provide a prototype test report and a final report.

PHASE III DUAL USE APPLICATIONS: Develop a plan to: 1.) fabricate a single technology demonstrator unit, 2.) create a multi-unit (> 100) manufacturing process and, 3.) develop a marketing plan for the production ready system. Carry out the necessary engineering, system integration, packaging, and testing to field a robust, reliable system. Assist transition of technology to industry for marketing to defense community. Private Sector Commercial Potential: The private sector potential could be significant and, as was true for Global Positioning System (GPS), difficult to fully bound or quantify. The ability to resolve objects at distance in small form factors has potential applications in multiple domain areas: e.g., law enforcement, environmental / zoological science, entertainment industry, recreation use, etc.

REFERENCES:

• Bertero, M. et al, Imaging with LINC-NIRVANA, the Fizeau Interferometer of the Large Binocular Telescope: State of the Art and Open Problems, Inverse Problems, Vol. 27, (2011).
• E. L. Cuellar, James Stapp, and Justin Cooper, "Laboratory and Field Experimental Demonstration of a Fourier Telescopy Imaging System," Proc. SPIE 5896, Unconventional Imaging, 58960D, (September 01, 2005).
• R. Fiete, T. Tantalo, J. Calus, and J. Mooney, Image Quality Assessment of Sparse Aperture Designs, Applied Image Pattern Recognition Workshop, Vol. 0, p. 269, 2000.
• J. Marron and K. Schroeder, "Holographic Laser Radar," Opt. Lett. 18, pp. 385-387 (1993).
• David J. Rabb, Douglas F. Jameson, Jason W. Stafford, and Andrew J. Stokes, Multi-Transmitter Aperture Synthesis, Optics Express Vol. 18, pp. 24937-24945 (2010).

KEYWORDS: Dark targets; Passive targets; Non-RF emitting targets; Target imaging and identification; High resolution imaging and identification; RADAR systems; Advanced optical systems; EM Emission / Absorption spectroscopy and image identification.

Questions may also be submitted through DoD SBIR/STTR SITIS website.

TECHNOLOGY AREA(S): Electronics

ACQUISITION PROGRAM: Strategic Weapons Systems ACAT IC

The technology within this topic is restricted under the International Traffic in Arms Regulation (ITAR), 22 CFR Parts 120-130, which controls the export and import of defense-related material and services, including export of sensitive technical data, or the Export Administration Regulation (EAR), 15 CFR Parts 730-774, which controls dual use items. Offerors must disclose any proposed use of foreign nationals (FNs), their country(ies) of origin, the type of visa or work permit possessed, and the statement of work (SOW) tasks intended for accomplishment by the FN(s) in accordance with section 5.4.c.(8) of the solicitation. Offerors are advised foreign nationals proposed to perform on this topic may be restricted due to the technical data under US Export Control Laws.

OBJECTIVE: Development of a GPS antenna design and computing algorithm required to acquire GPS on a reentry body during flight.

DESCRIPTION: Navy reentry flight test bodies have the capability to capture GPS data during flight. Currently a flat plate is used in order to mount the antenna and simplify the design. To be more representative of an actual reentry body, which has a rounded surface, using a rounded cover for a flight test body is desired. This would allow the use of GPS receivers in additional test bodies and could reduce the effort used to recreate a trajectory after flight. Because of the rounded surface, using commercial antennas does not appear to be feasible. Antenna design must accommodate both the L1 and L2 GPS frequencies and must accommodate both the C/A and P(Y) codes (relates to the bandwidth).

PHASE I: Determine and demonstrate feasibility for the development of a GPS antenna distribution that can be used on a rounded convex surface with a stay out zone in the center. Development should include a theoretical analysis/modeling of the antenna phase and gain patterns. Expect that the results from pattern modeling will be compared to measured gain and phase data gather in Phase II. Include any relevant processing (algorithm) software design for the GPS receiver that supports operation with this antenna design.

PHASE II: Fabricate and test prototype GPS antenna patterns. For this effort the design drawings will be coordinated through Navy Strategic Systems Program. During Phase II, it would be advantageous to partner with Lockheed Martin Space Systems Company (Sunnyvale, CA) to fabricate a complete aft closure containing the GPS antennas and for measurement of the resultant aft closure gain and phase pattern. It would also be advantageous to partner with Charles Stark Draper Laboratory (Cambridge, MA) for incorporation of antenna phase and gain patterns into Draper’s Hardware in the Loop (HWIL) to simulate reentry flight environments. Any debugging should be performed by the SBIR contractor.

PHASE III DUAL USE APPLICATIONS: Assuming successful demonstration in HWIL environments, two flight test units will be fabricated and flown on a flight test body via Extended Navy Test Bed (ENTB). Phase III will require the proofing of the algorithms and will also include the post flight processing of the data. The GPS data will be processed by the SBIR contractor and compared to the Small Reentry Inertial Measurement Unit (SRIMU) data that is generated by the on board IMU and verify that the algorithms provided an accurate position. The small business will assist the Navy with implementation of the final design GPS antenna onto appropriate flight test bodies. Private Sector Commercial Potential: Depending on the flexibility in the algorithms utilized this could be expanded for use on other convex surfaces, such as helmets, car roofs.

REFERENCES:

• Balanis, Constantine, "Antenna Theory: Analysis and Design", 3rd Edition
• Regan, Frank, Anandakrishnan, Satya, "Dynamics of Atmospheric Re-Entry", American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Inc. Washington DC, 1993

KEYWORDS: GPS, antenna, curved surface, antenna phase patterns, antenna gain, reentry body

Questions may also be submitted through DoD SBIR/STTR SITIS website.

 

 

TECHNOLOGY AREA(S): Battlespace, Human Systems

ACQUISITION PROGRAM: PdM ICE Hearing Conservation Program Infantry Weapon Systems PPE

OBJECTIVE: This SBIR topic seeks to mature the technology for a low cost, passive ear protection device to be worn as an earplug and/or in a headset that will allow the warfighter to maintain situational awareness but filter out harmful noise threats with a Noise Reduction Rating (NRR) performance of greater than 30dB for both impulse and continuous noise.

DESCRIPTION: Military personnel are frequently exposed to high intensity noise resulting from blast explosions and urban warfare, and during routine military operations such as on ship decks, helicopters and armored vehicle transports. Noise levels produced by modern aircraft engines exceed 150 dB; UH-60 Blackhawk generates 85 to 120 dB. Impulse pressure from the M16 Rifle ranges between 140-190 dB. Noise level in the Marine Corps’ Expeditionary Fighting Vehicle (EFV) reaches 110 dB forcing the crew to wear double hearing protection that comprises both plugs inside the ears and coverings over the ears. This high intensity noise exposure can lead to damage or loss in hearing if protective measures are not employed in advance. A recent report estimates that only about 7% of Marines insert earplugs correctly. It is not surprising that Blast and Noise-Induced Hearing Loss (B/NIHL) and tinnitus are the top two disability claims for US soldiers and veterans [GAO Report, GAO-11-114].

According to Air Force Staff Sgt. Lee Adams, an ear, nose and throat (ENT) technician at Bagram Air Field, more than 50 percent of the patients seen in the ENT walk-in clinics are there for hearing-related issues [Hood, 2009].

Furthermore, many troops do not use hearing protection while out on missions because they feel that the hearing protection negatively affects their ability to do their job and complete their missions. When service members are exposed to loud noises such as improvised explosive devices (IEDs), they are at risk of conductive hearing loss and tinnitus. Hearing protection is just as important to a U.S. military service member's safety as their body armor and helmet. A soldier who suffers severe hearing loss could find his career ending as quickly as if he had suffered other combat-related injuries [Hood, 2009].

Conventional passive hearing protection technology has evolved and matured for over half a century since it was introduced at the end of World War II. Currently, the most commonly used military passive Hearing Protection Devices (HPDs), the foam ear plugs, are inexpensive and provide good protection against acoustic noise but degrade operational capabilities to the point of danger on the practice range and the battlefield. In many circumstances the foam ear plugs are not worn properly and a dramatic loss of performance is observed with poor insertion of the earplug.

Custom molded earplugs, with deep insert provide much better protection only if the plugs are inserted completely (past the second bend of the ear canal). Deep insertion significantly improves attenuation. Active hearing protection, also known as active noise reduction (ANR), has been the subject of much research and many claims. These devices incorporate noise-canceling circuitry into hearing protectors to sense the sounds that pass through the earmuff, invert them in phase, and rebroadcast them toward the tympanic membrane via an earphone to provide active noise reduction. One of the best ANR devices was developed at the Air Force Research Laboratory (AFRL), Wright-Patterson Air Force Base. The ANR is not always beneficial if one needs to provide the maximum attenuation possible. The data [Berger 2002] comparing the attenuation for a well-fitted foam earplug, conventional earmuff, and an ANR earmuff shows that the passive dual protection substantially outperforms the ANR earmuff at nearly all frequencies. However, in situations where active radio communication is required, such as in aviation and certain military environments, ANR does provide valuable performance benefits. But, one must consider that an ANR earmuff generally costs more than $300 per pair, versus about $15 for a conventional earmuff, and a few dollars for a pair of foam ear plugs. ANR also requires regular battery replacement or recharging, which is more susceptible to damage, and will weigh more than a conventional earmuff.

This topic seeks to mature the technology for a low cost, passive ear protection device to be worn as an earplug, custom ear mold and/or in a headset that will allow the warfighter to maintain situational awareness but filter out harmful noise threats with NRR performance of greater than 30 dB for both impulse and continuous noise.

This topic seeks further development of a passive earplug and custom molded earpiece that protects the hearing of Marines in a variety of loud noise environments, while permitting spoken communications to be heard. Although the underlying technology initially will be deployed in re-useable, “universal fit” ear plugs, subsequent iterations can include placing the technology in custom-molded earplugs (with or without communications capacity) and disposable ear plugs. The base technology should not contain any moving mechanical parts or electronics eliminating the need for Marines to have access to a power source for hearing protection. Effort is to include appropriate independent lab testing and samples for field user trials.

A summary of performance attributes are:

• Attenuate by >30 dB the following impact noise levels while providing situational awareness: 125 dB, 140 dB, 160 dB, and 171 dB (Required) and 190 dB (Desired)
• Provide adequate fit across the majority of the population (5th percentile – 95th percentile)
• Perform in a military operational environment without any user intervention
• Provide hearing protection with low level pass through of NRR >12
• Provide compatibility with current combat helmets and headphones
• Operate without electronic components
• Be insertable into a custom molded ear piece (if custom molding technology is used)
• Cost less than $15

PHASE I: It is expected that the proposing small business will have completed work leading up to the Phase II effort to demonstrate the achievability of the above attributes to include:

• - Determined technical feasibility of the concept to address the requirements listed above in the Description section of having an approach that provided protection for high level continuous and impulse noise while still allowing detection and localization of low level sound)(80 dB and below).
• - Defined and developed a concept with appropriate analysis and modeling to demonstrate performance across the audible frequency spectrum and noise levels up to 171 dB (T) 190 dB (O).
• - Identified, designed, and constructed a concept model and validated the performance of the concept model ideally through independent testing of attenuation of impulse and continuous sound at amplitude above 90 dB.
• - Determined technical feasibility to construct the proposed system and operational performance in the full combat environment (e.g. temperature, humidity and atmospheric pressure as defined in MIL-STD 810).
• - Defined and developed a concept through the point of a model or limited prototype.
• - Identified, designed, constructed and tested a concept model.
• - Performed a final production cost analysis

FEASIBILITY DOCUMENTATION: Offerors interested in participating in Direct to Phase II must include in their response to this topic Phase I feasibility documentation that substantiates the scientific and technical merit and Phase I feasibility described in Phase I above has been met (i.e. the small business must have performed Phase I-type research and development related to the topic, but from non-SBIR funding sources) and describe the potential commercialization applications. The documentation provided must validate that the proposer has completed development of technology as stated in Phase I above. Documentation should include all relevant information including, but not limited to: technical reports, test data, prototype designs/models, and performance goals/results. Work submitted within the feasibility documentation must have been substantially performed by the offeror and/or the principal investigator (PI).

Read and follow all of the DON SBIR 16.3 Direct to Phase II solicitation Instructions. Phase I Proposals will NOT be accepted for this solicitation.

PHASE II: The small business will perform Phase II efforts in accordance with the Phase II contract and the Phase II statement of work. Initial tasks include the production of prototype hardware based on approved designs. Continue design modification and optimization based on performance and Marine feedback. Produce final hardware, complete acoustic characterization testing and finalize hardware design for certification and qualification for deployment to the extent of available funding. Deliver a minimum of 25 small, 200 medium, and 25 large ear plugs for further testing and qualification purposes.

Phase II Option, if awarded: Perform small run of Next Generation Hearing Protection Earplugs. Provide a minimum of 1,500 production sample-pairs of protective devices (150 small, 1,200 medium, 150 large) utilizing the developed production methods for field user trials. Complete Acoustic Characterization of Next Generation Hearing Protection Earplugs Perform a final refinement of the design based on the results of the field trials and lab testing.

Non-hardware deliverables include a copy of the final hardware design, a final Report containing all test results and a Marketing Plan.

PHASE III DUAL USE APPLICATIONS: Support the continued modification and qualification of improved devices as necessary. Perform materials manufacturing development for production and scale-up. Refine the process for manufacturing the products to insure consistency and alignment with performance requirements and price points. The expected outcome is a product with a manufacturability maturity level of MRL7 or better to include preliminary production samples and a commercial production plan with detailed cost information for end items. Develop Data package for DLA cataloging. Private Sector Commercial Potential: In addition to aiding our Marines and other Warfighters, the technology has significant application in a variety of commercial settings. For example, workers in heavy industry are exposed to damaging impact noise. If the workers wear conventional hearing protection they are deprived of the ability to hear normal sounds such as the back-up warning on a forklift. Law enforcement officers and other first responders who often work in loud environments will benefit from the protection afforded by hearing protection technology while being able to hear their colleagues. Finally, there are a variety of consumer uses for Hearing protection, ranging from the homeowner operating a gas-powered leaf-blower to the do-it-yourself enthusiast who uses power tools. The USMC identifies four markets: (1) the military; (2) law enforcement and first responders; (3) industry; and (4) consumers. USMC market research estimates that the industrial hearing protection market alone exceeds $300 million in the United States and $800 million globally.

REFERENCES:

• Department of Veterans Affairs. Hearing Impairment, Independent Study Course, March 2002. http://www.publichealth.va.gov/docs/vhi/hearing_impairment.pdf
• Henderson, D., & Hamernik, R. (1995). Biologic Bases of Noise-induced Hearing Loss. Occupational Medicine: State of the Art Reviews, 10(3), 513-34.
• C.J. Moore, An Introduction to the Psychology of Hearing, 4th ed., London: Academic Press, 1997.
• Berger, E. (2002). Hearing Protector Performance: How They Work and What Goes Wrong in the Real World. EARLog.
• McLeary 2008. [GAO Report, GAO-11-114].
• Hood, O. SPC., 5th Mobile Public Affairs Detachment, “Hearing Loss No. 1 Diagnosis for U.S. Soldiers in Afghanistan”. Hearing Health Magazine, December 29, 2009.
• ANSI S12.42-2008 Methods for the Measurement of Insertion Loss of Hearing Protection Devices in Continuous or Impulsive Noise Using Microphone-in-Real-Ear or Acoustic Test Fixture Procedures.

KEYWORDS: Hearing, Noise, Steady-State, Impulse, Non-Linear, Passive, Communication capability, Protection, Hearing protection, blast injury, tinnitus

 

 

TECHNOLOGY AREA(S): Information Systems

ACQUISITION PROGRAM: Nuclear Command, Control, and Communications Navy (NC3) Modernized Hybrid Solution; ACAT III program

OBJECTIVE: Develop an automated process and software tool to identify specific suppliers and associated Information and Communications Technology (ICT) components based on inputs, cues and user-determined parameters. The software tool will need to provide the capability to complete a federated search of available government and internet web-based data and databases, facilitate data discovery, and perform anomaly detection and have analytical capabilities to recognize risks (based on user-determined indicators), be scalable, and provide formatting for export into Microsoft Office products.

DESCRIPTION: The existing process to identify a specific supplier suspected of providing counterfeit, gray market or sub-standard ICT components, is through basic electronic searches of local contract management related folders and files, followed by extensive paper file-folder reviews. If the supplier is not a Prime (a sub-contractor or a sub to a sub or sub to a Lead System Integrator), the problem set becomes more complex with no additional electronic search capability. The necessary data is collected and loaded into at least one database over the course of the contracting process but is not readily discoverable nor accessible. Even if the data were technically accessible, currently it would only be to a very small select few due to limitations of roles and data management structure within a database.

The software tool would need to be innovative enough to help map the commercial supply chain, conduct analysis of and parse out supplier levels (Tiers) and detect and document supplier relationships across Tiers. It would require access across the data management restrictions, but would be tailored to pull only particular fields relevant to the Supply Chain Risk Management (SCRM) problem set, providing a more automated, efficient and effective method to meet the need of data discovery. The implementation of the software tool would be that it works in parallel with Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) systems, monitoring transactions and feeding them back through the software tool for analysis, through a Service Oriented Architecture (SOA), most likely a Simple Object Access Protocol (SOAP) web service, and allowing for easy user accessibility. Such a tool could be implemented and success measured in stages. Each stage adding function and capability as requirements are fully met and potentially new ones added. The tool could start with a single Navy Systems Command and be eventually broadened to the entire Department of the Navy (DoN). This effort would provide a critical capability that would significantly contribute to the DON’s ability to respond to threats from the supply chain and potentially avoid them as well.

PHASE I: For a Direct to Phase II topic, the government expects that the small business would have accomplished the following in a Phase I-type effort. Have developed a concept for a workable Supply Chain Risk Analysis Management software (SCRAMS) prototype or design to address at a minimum the basic requirements of the stated objective above. The below actions would be required in order to successfully accomplish Phase I:

• - Determination of data types and sets necessary in order to accomplish objective.
• - Determine if existing electronic tools or tool-sets can be used or leveraged in order to meet stated objective.
• - Determine if the objective is technically feasible, given restraints of data access or availability, among other factors.
• - Complete a concept of operations and business rules.
• - Tested using existing mock data.
• - Structure an approach to implementation of tool(s), including scenario-based implementation and observation using modeling.
• - Complete design of tool(s) and validation of analysis.

FEASIBILITY DOCUMENTATION: Offerors interested in participating in Direct to Phase II must include in their response to this topic Phase I feasibility documentation that substantiates the scientific and technical merit and Phase I feasibility described in Phase I above has been met (i.e. the small business must have performed Phase I-type research and development related to the topic, but from non-SBIR funding sources) and describe the potential commercialization applications. The documentation provided must validate that the proposer has completed development of technology as stated in Phase I above. Documentation should include all relevant information including, but not limited to: technical reports, test data, prototype designs/models, and performance goals/results. Work submitted within the feasibility documentation must have been substantially performed by the offeror and/or the principal investigator (PI).

Read and follow all of the DON SBIR 16.3 Direct to Phase II solicitation Instructions. Phase I Proposals will NOT be accepted for this solicitation.

PHASE II: The Supply Chain Risk Analysis Management software tool(s) will be fully developed and implemented using data provided by the Government, tested, and an analysis of the results provided to the Government. Phase II actions are as follows:

• - Implementation and analysis of the Phase I-type effort modeling using ‘real’ data provided by the Government
• - Simulation of the tool(s) demonstrating their utility and function
• - Analysis of simulations that validates applicability to the SCRM problem set with regard to the stated objective of this SBIR.
• - Completion of a prototype that is fully functional and meets the requirements as stated in the Phase II Statement of Work.

PHASE III DUAL USE APPLICATIONS: The Supply Chain Risk Analysis Management software tool(s) will be transitioned from a PEO C4I based effort to the rest of the PEOs under SPAWAR SYSCOM cognizance, then to the other SYSCOMs within the DoN. Ultimately the tool(s) can be transitioned for use within the rest of the DoD, and be made available to Industry. Industry that supports the DoD has the same clear and present danger from threats within the supply chain as DoD in that it is relying on the global supply chain. Phase III expected actions are as follows:

• - Integrate tool(s) into all PEO C4I supply chain data processes (N-ERP or others)
• - Test tool(s) based on refined requirements from Phase I and II
• - Test and complete analysis of tool(s) and determine requirements for transition to commercialization
• - Fully integrate tool(s) into business processes for supply chains of Programs of Record within PEO C4I
• - Expand tool for use throughout DoN and DoD Private Sector Commercial Potential: This tool could be used in any commercial setting where complex supply chain requirements exist and system configuration, funds availability, equipment upgrade/replacement schedules are complicating factors (e.g. utilities, transportation, communication/broadcasting and IT systems and manufacturing industries).

REFERENCES:

• Defense Security Services Targeting U.S. Technologies Trend Analysis Special Focus Area on Counterfeit Microelectronics, 2015
   
  www.dss.mil/documents/ci/2015_DSS_Trend_Report.pdf
• Committee on Armed Services, United States Senate Inquiry into Counterfeit Electronic Parts in the Department of Defense Supply Chain, May, 2012
   
  http://www.armed-services.senate.gov/download/inquiry-into-counterfeit-electronic-parts-in-the-department-of-defense-supply-chain
• Supply Chain Risk Management: A Compilation of Best Practices, Supply Chain Risk Leadership Council, August, 2011
   
  http://www.scrlc.com/articles/Supply_Chain_Risk_Management_A_Compilation_of_Best_Practices_final[1].pdf
• NAVSUP Transition to Navy ERP, Debbie Dortch, Naval Supply Systems Command Corporate Communications, April 6, 2011.
   
  http://www.navy.mil/search/display.asp?story_id=59606
• Beyond Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP): The Next Generation Enterprise Resource Planning Environment, Laura A. Odell,
   
  Institute for Defense Analyses, February, 2012.
   
  https://www.ida.org/idamedia/Corporate/Files/Publications/IDA_Documents/ITSD/2015/P-4852.ashx
• Navy ERP: Where We’ve Been – Where We’re Going, Beverly Veit, Office of Assistant Secretary of the Navy, June 2010
   
  http://www.asmconline.org/wp-content/uploads/2010PDIPresentations/don/N-ERP%20Been%20-%20Going.ppt

KEYWORDS: Supply Chain Risk Management; SCRM; Program Protection; Anti-Counterfeit; Counterfeit; Grey Market; N-ERP; NC3; Nova

 

 

PROPOSALS ACCEPTED: Phase I and DP2. Please see the 16.3 DoD Program Solicitation and the DARPA 16.3 Direct to Phase II Instructions for DP2 requirements and proposal instructions.

TECHNOLOGY AREA(S): Biomedical, Information Systems

OBJECTIVE: Develop and demonstrate an ‘open data’ platform comprising software tools for parsing, storing, aggregating, analyzing, and sharing complex neuroscience data.

DESCRIPTION: There is a critical DoD need to develop tools that will advance fundamental and applied neuroscience research, and enable sharing of critical meta-data and raw data across electronic platforms. In recent years, the neuroscience field has benefited from advances in instrumentation and computing resources that routinely generate large, rich datasets in many model systems. However, access to these precious data is typically restricted to the source lab and close collaborators, limiting scientific output. In addition, published results are often highly processed versions of only a small fraction of the source data, further restricting public access to the data and impeding efforts to perform verification studies, much less meta analyses. Given the rapid growth in neuroscience and increasing concerns over lack of reproducibility in science, there is an increasing need for tools that enable widespread sharing of data and analysis procedures throughout the scientific community.

An ‘open data’ platform will provide the neuroscience community with access to valuable data, increasing scientific productivity and promoting greater transparency. Data sharing facilitates efficiency in scientific process through reductions in the costs of collecting data and leveraging existing datasets to derive additional results. Furthermore, sharing of analytic tools reduces the necessity for each lab to develop custom software for analyzing data types that other labs may have developed already. Open access also promotes greater transparency in the scientific process, making it easier to replicate findings, and to reconcile discrepancies in published works. Neuroscience data sharing has been limited by several factors, including file size, highly customized formatting, source variability, complex metadata, and unreliable data quality. Additionally, the scientific community is facing ever increasing scrutiny over the lack of reproducibility in science. This topic seeks to advance neuroscientific data sharing by developing standardized software tools that can address these issues and garner wide adoption in order to facilitate collaboration, discovery, and repeatability in the field.

Solutions to three particular challenges are of interest in this topic. The first is to develop automated methods for combining and annotating data sets to permit large-scale analyses by third parties. This is particularly challenging given the wide variety of experimental methods, data collection equipment, and data quality, identifying appropriate datasets for co-analysis, as well as methods for combining datasets. Second, the software system must support a flexible set of analysis procedures that can be annotated and archived along with the source data, such that the entire workflow from data generation through analysis can be documented and tracked. Collectively, these capabilities would allow for greater transparency in the reporting of scientific results and facilitate access by third party investigators. Thirdly, a robust data rights system must be implemented. Each data set is generated by investigators with unique requirements, and they may have highly-specific restrictions on the use of the data they share with third parties. The data rights system must be flexible enough to allow for publication embargo, restrictions on download of raw data, and Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) requirements.

Successful proposals will identify and address the needs of data contributors, data users, instrument manufacturers, and the scientific community at large. The proposal should contain tangible approaches to facilitate adoption by a wide swathe of neuroscientists, neuroengineers, neurologists, and instrumentation manufacturers. Uploading data should be as user-friendly as possible, for instance by auto-parsing metadata automatically from common file types. Shareable formats utilized by the software should adhere to scientific community standards whenever possible or define new standards where none exist. Straightforward analysis, data quality metrics, modeling functions, and tools for documenting data handling should be part of a successful solution. It is intended that the software system will be cloud-based, ensuring that the data is widely available to the scientific community.

PHASE I: Develop the software foundation for a suite of tools to store and analyze metadata, securely store the raw data, selectively grant access to the data, and provide application programming interfaces to interact with common tools for data analysis, including Matlab and R. This extensible framework may initially be limited to a handful of highly-relevant data types (e.g., fMRI, electrophysiology, cellular imaging, biomarker measurements, optical micrographs, etc.) but must have a clearly documented and open interface to add support for new data types and file formats. The specific neuroscience data type(s) and analysis methods must be defined in the proposal. The initial feature set need not be comprehensive, but the software framework should be extensible to allow for additional data types and methods to be added later. A key deliverable of Phase I is generation of a commercialization report describing a clear and viable business model to sustain development and maintenance of the software system. This report must contain clear and tangible approaches to foster wide adoption of the software system among the various communities and should include relevant letters of support from any external parties required for this plan. This report must contain quantified metrics for success regarding adoption during and beyond Phase II.

PHASE II: Extend the Phase I system to enable data import of a wider range of formats and online analysis functions. Proposers should demonstrate this capability by incorporating multiple large datasets available from the literature and/or from collaborators, selectively granting access to collaborators, and performing an initial meta-analysis of the resulting data sets. The Phase II system should also provide mechanisms for communication between the data contributor and parties interested in utilizing it in their research. These communications should include permission requests, conditions of use (such as embargo duration, requirements for authorship or acknowledgement, or ability to download raw data for offline analysis), dialog regarding the metadata, and feedback on the results. In addition, the software must comply with all relevant HIPAA requirements for human subjects research and provide mechanisms to protect personally identifiable information (PII) and verify institutional review board (IRB) approval should the data rights allow for transfer of PII. Finally, as this is a primarily online system, it must track adoption and usage levels by end-users and include means to measure metrics for the impact of each stored element of data.

The final Phase II system must include open application programming interfaces to allow for customization by the end user. Final deliverables for Phase II include a report documenting the adoption of the system and responsiveness to user needs. Furthermore, the Phase II pilot user-group must be surveyed to objectively determine the requirements for Phase III upgrades and modifications.

Direct to Phase II: Existing software solutions that achieve the objectives stated within Phase I are applicable for Direct to Phase II submission. The proposal should clearly describe how the objectives of Phase I have been attained.

PHASE III DUAL USE APPLICATIONS: Neuroscience research has the potential to improve the performance of servicemen and women and increase effectiveness in their duties. The commercial software resulting from this SBIR will be made available as a tool to advance fundamental and applied neuroscience research for both the private and military sectors. The tool will serve as the foundation to incorporate meta-data and a subset of raw data into electronic health records.

Demonstrate the efficacy of the proposed software system by collecting and storing a significant quantity of relevant data, and subsequently performing innovative meta-analysis research to generate unique and quantitative insight into the correlation between previously isolated sub-disciplines. This work should yield a number of peer-reviewed publications and inspire new therapeutic approaches for neurological conditions. In addition, during Phase III, the software system should have demonstrable wide adoption in the research and medical communities. Additionally, the software developed in this program will provide a platform for collaboratively sharing data in the development of clinical treatments for PTSD, anxiety, TBI, and other neurological ailments faced by active military. It will also enable sharing of critical meta-data and raw data between Tricare and the VA.

REFERENCES:

• Gewin V., Data sharing: An open mind on open data, Nature 529, 117–119.

KEYWORDS: data, data sharing, data mining, data analytics, biology, neuroscience, electrophysiology, neuroscience data, big data, analytics, cellular imaging, central nervous system, peripheral nervous system

 

PROPOSALS ACCEPTED: Phase I and DP2. Please see the 16.3 DoD Program Solicitation and the DARPA 16.3 Direct to Phase II Instructions for DP2 requirements and proposal instructions.

TECHNOLOGY AREA(S): Materials/Processes

OBJECTIVE: Develop genetic or genomic approaches to reduce the negative characteristics associated with insect colony maintenance or recovery of insect-derived products and demonstrate genetic modification of insects to improve the nutritional quality of final food, feed, or pharma products.

DESCRIPTION: There is a DoD need to explore the utility of insect-derived products as a buffer against potential future instability resulting from disruptions to traditional food and resource supply chains. The use of insects for sustainable production of food, feed, and pharma products could also potentially be applied in far-forward deployed operating situations, and might ultimately even be an enabler for space exploration. Insects are already a reliable source of food, feed, and pharma products for human use, but at times can be difficult to exploit due to either pathogen outbreaks in colonies during rearing or contamination of organic and inorganic materials during processing. At the same time, genetic and genomic approaches to alter expression systems in insects are becoming available and can be used to improve the value of insect-derived products. Immense opportunities now exist to drastically improve the utility of insect production systems regardless of the intended insect-derived end product.

Food security is quickly becoming a global security issue due to increasing human populations and consumption demands. Several factors could lead to a possible catastrophic decline in food availability in the near future, including climate change, energy shortages, and decreased agricultural production due to reduced soil fertility and water availability, and greater numbers and distribution patterns of pests and plant pathogens. Identification of reliable alternatives for traditional foods—and in particular alternative sources of protein—could help meet future nutritional demands, improve food security and bolster geopolitical stability. New technologies to support these alternatives must lend themselves to large-scale implementation if they are to be feasible, cost-effective, and ecofriendly.

Insects offer one potential solution to current and future food shortages and nutrient deficiencies. Although 80% of the world’s population regularly consumes insects for food, this is a relatively new concept for the Western world. Production of traditional protein sources such as beef, pork, chicken, and fish is expensive, resource intensive, and not sustainably scalable to a growing population. Insect sourcing for food products that can be consumed directly by humans is an alternative to traditional meat production; insect-derived feeds could also be used for aquaculture or livestock production to reduce the ecological footprint of these food sources. Insects are highly nutritious relative to traditional protein-rich foods. For instance, milled cricket flour (a popular food additive) contains 31g of protein and 8g of fat per 200 calories compared to 22g of protein and 15g of fat for the same 200 calories in beef.

Insects have also been used to produce non-food products for human use. The use of insects for production of silk and dyes is well known, but other uses of insect-derived products have been identified more recently. For example, certain insects produce powerful antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) such as drosocin, apidaecin 1b, and pyrrhocoricin, which can be recovered and purified for human use. Additionally, insect germlines could be modified to produce high levels of desired compounds such as retinol or ascorbic acid for delivery to populations with diets deficient in these nutrients. The recent discovery that chitin-based products can be used to improve whole-blood clotting time and plasma recalcification time has led to the development of insect-derived products like chitin, chitosan, partially N-acetylated chitosan, N,O-carboxymethylchitosan, N-sulfated chitosan, and N-(2-hydroxy)propyl-3-trimethylammonium chitosan chloride as potentially more cost-effective alternatives to existing commercial blood products.

Gene technologies could be used to improve production of edible insect products or to alleviate losses due to biotic or abiotic threats. Molecular approaches to these issues will be an integral part of increasing general output in these systems in the future and could be used to improve quality of product and ease of processing, and minimize loss of recovered product.

This SBIR topic seeks approaches to identify and address issues associated with large-scale insect rearing and/or the improvement of production outcomes. We encourage applications that use emerging genetic/genomic tools to these ends. Expected outcomes could be the management of viral or bacterial pathogens through up- or down-regulation of genes that exist in the host or pathogen, improvement of colony insect populations to adapt to altered environments, or the manipulation of pathways that provide products for human use.

PHASE I: Identify molecular targets for improving production and performance of insects that will ultimately be produced in large-scale operations. Individual projects could address at least one of several challenges expected, which include: (1) refining pathogen management, (2) improving quality and quantity of desirable insect organic materials that exist, (3) reducing or eliminating the production of undesirable products, (4) addition of genes to produce desirable products that did not previously exist in the insect.

Integrate genetic modifications into systems (transgenic or paratransgenic systems are acceptable) to increase the nutrient output of insects being produced for food sourcing. The addition of pathways associated with vitamin A, C, D, and K are especially desirable.

Identify a diverse group of insect species that process animal/human, food, and plant waste for energy and biomass recovery. This would not have to result directly into human food sourcing (i.e., primary production of food production); rather, the potential for improving food stock production for fish and livestock production would be appropriate, with humans as secondary consumers.

The key deliverable for Phase I will be the demonstration of proof of concept that the selected challenge has been overcome and can be scaled to a larger format. These demonstrations can be performed in repeated experiments in small colonies on multiple insect species where alteration of insect-derived end products can be shown through chemical analysis.

PHASE II: The small-scale, small-colony approach taken in Phase I will be transferred to and implemented in a large-scale insect products-sourcing platform. The goal of Phase II is the integration of technologies used to produce insects for food, feed, or pharma. Therefore, the deliverable for Phase II is the demonstration of a large-scale insect production system utilizing integrated gene technologies. Communication with the proper regulatory agencies will be a key component to determine how these technologies can be safely and ethically monitored for proper use.

Direct to Phase II: Potential proposers with existing technologies that are ready to be implemented in a large-scale format are encouraged to apply for direct to Phase II. The proposal should clearly describe how the objectives of Phase I have already been attained.

PHASE III DUAL USE APPLICATIONS: Phase III (Commercial): The genetic/genomic technologies developed in Phases I and II will be integrated into a fundamental platform to improve the production of insect-derived products. These integrated technologies will serve as the foundation for further improvement. Phase III will be a demonstration of a fully adopted system that utilizes two or more gene technologies to improve production. These improvements must also be ecologically sustainable. In addition to the development of a plan for regulatory oversight, Phase III projects should address the challenge of encouraging human acceptance of insects and insect-derived products as food.

Phase III (Military): The integration of insect-derived food products into the Combat Feeding Directorate is a potential option for technology transition. The objective of Phase III (Military) will be to determine feasibility, utility, and acceptance levels of these products and production systems by military personnel, especially in deployment scenarios.

REFERENCES:

• Bukkens, S. G. F., & Paoletti, M. G. (2005). Insects in the human diet: nutritional aspects. Ecological implications of minilivestock: Potential of insects, rodents, frogs and snails, 545-577.
• Durst, P. B., Johnson, D. V., Leslie, R. N., & Shono, K. (2010). Forest insects as food: humans bite back. RAP publication.
• Gahukar, R. T. (2011). Entomophagy and human food security. International Journal of Tropical Insect Science, 31(03), 129-144.
• Janvikul, W., Uppanan, P., Thavornyutikarn, B., Krewraing, J., & Prateepasen, R. (2006). In vitro comparative hemostatic studies of chitin, chitosan, and their derivatives. Journal of applied polymer science, 102(1), 445-451.
• Katayama, N., Yamashita, M., Wada, H., & Mitsuhashi, J. (2005). Entomophagy as part of a space diet for habitation on Mars. The Journal of Space Technology and Science, 21(2), 2_27-2_38.
• Raubenheimer, D., & Rothman, J. M. (2013). Nutritional ecology of entomophagy in humans and other primates. Annual Review of Entomology, 58, 141-160.

KEYWORDS: Insect-derived products, genetic engineering, RNAi, gene regulation

 

 

PROPOSALS ACCEPTED: Phase I and DP2. Please see the 16.3 DoD Program Solicitation and the DARPA 16.3 Direct to Phase II Instructions for DP2 requirements and proposal instructions.

TECHNOLOGY AREA(S): Biomedical, Chemical/Biological Defense

OBJECTIVE: Enhance the utility of genome editing tools by developing nuclease-based effectors that have reduced off- target effects and increased efficiency of delivery across a range of eukaryotic hosts.

DESCRIPTION: There is a critical DoD need to develop next-generation genome editing tools that will provide a multifunctional platform capability to address emerging and engineered biothreats to animals, people, and agriculture, create new sensors to detect chem/biothreats, and rapidly develop new agricultural and preclinical animal models for countermeasure development and validation.

The emergence of precision genome editing tools, including clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR), transcription activator-like effector nucleases (TALENs), and zinc finger nucleases, has provided an unprecedented ability to modify genomes in a manner that is rapid, adaptable, and has the potential to be highly multiplexed. Among these, CRISPR-based tools have emerged as the gene editors of choice for many applications, given their modular architecture, low cost, ease of design and synthesis, and adaptability for a broad range of applications (for review, see 1, 2).

These tools have the potential to enable and accelerate new capabilities and applications in public health, agriculture, biotechnology, and fundamental biological research discovery. While genome editing tools have already been widely adopted by research and development communities, major technical hurdles exist that must be addressed before the full potential of these tools can be realized for advanced applications that move beyond a research setting. These technical challenges include unwanted off-target effects at genome sites outside of the target locus/loci, low efficiency of activity at target sites due to delivery and/or expression challenges, and an overall lack of understanding of organism-level responses to these tools to include host immunogenic responses.

Off-target activity at sites outside of intended genome target(s) can result in unwanted and potentially deleterious effects in cells and organisms that can outnumber on-target modifications. Progress has been made to improve the fidelity of gene editors, including the development of “nickases” that minimize off-targets effects, however, reductions in off-target activity often results in decreased on-target activity, reducing the overall efficiency of the system (3). More recent demonstrations indicating that Cas9 nucleases can be engineered for significantly increased specificity is encouraging (4,5), however, proof of concept is still lacking that these approaches can be applied to a broad range of host cell types/species and to nuclease variants derived from various sources. In addition, the desire to use genome editing tools in a multi-target, multiplex capacity for a range of applications significantly increases the chances for spurious off-target activity. Finally, the efficient delivery and timely activation of the molecular tools required to edit genomes in vivo in targets cells and organisms presents an additional challenge that must be addressed. Optimal delivery of viral and non-viral solutions for gene encoded gene editors will require efficient transfer to target cells/tissues, packaging that is amenable to single construct/simple formulation, and temporal control of activity and expression of gene editors to achieve measureable impact at target sites with minimal off target activity.

This topic is focused on improving the utility of genome editing tools by developing the next generation of nuclease-based effectors that overcome these key technical hurdles associated with current generation genome editing tools. Anticipated outcomes include development of nuclease based gene editors with no off-target genomic activity in a range of host cells in multiplex mode, improved in vivo target efficiency (>50%), and improved packaging of genome editor components into a single genetic construct for host cell delivery. Successful technologies will combine high fidelity and efficiency into viral vectors, mRNA, or other suitable methods for transfer of gene- encoded constructs in vivo.

PHASE I: Establish the technical feasibility of new approaches to address off target activity and delivery challenges for the development of next generation gene editors. Proposers must address at least one of the following technical challenges:

The first challenge seeks to develop gene editing methodologies that enable modification of a target genome at multiple unique loci simultaneously in the absence of off-target activity (e.g., single constant nuclease enzyme with 10 variable guide RNAs) without compromising fidelity or efficiency. Modification of the genome may involve sequence-modifying and/or non-sequence modifying approaches (i.e., gene silencing approaches, etc.). Methods for improved in vitro, in vivo, or in silico detection of off-target activity of the gene editors are also anticipated.

The second challenge seeks to develop a capability to deliver gene editors in a single gene construct and/or simple formulation that is broadly applicable to multiple cells lines relevant for pre-clinical and clinical study and/or agricultural investigation (to include plant, mammalian, and insect cells). Temporal control of gene editors should be built into the system to prevent long-term expression/activation of gene editors in vivo, which may result in an increased likelihood for off-target effects. For example, delivery of engineered nucleases as mRNA or purified protein may reduce the frequency of off-target effects by lowering the protein amount and time of expression, but this may also be achieved through transcriptional controls or other methods as proposed by investigators. A delivery strategy should be sufficiently modular to accommodate a gene editor and a minimum of 10 guide sequences simultaneously without compromising fidelity or efficiency.

For the challenge areas described above, methods to quantitatively measure on-target and off-target activity should be clearly described with a focus on strategies that allow fast, sensitive and cost-effective detection of on- and off- target activities. Performance goals for efficiency of delivery and on-target activity must be established by the proposers with appropriate technical rationale, comparison with the state of the art, and risk mitigation strategies. For a given approach, the number of unique loci that will be targeted must be clearly indicated, accompanied by the appropriate rationale to support why this number is sufficient to achieve desired effect for a given application. For the selected challenge, develop an initial concept design and describe an approach for transitioning this technology from a laboratory benchtop to an established commercial protocol.

Phase I deliverables will include: 1) a technical report detailing the experiments and results supporting the successful demonstration of a next-generation genome editing tool(s) that results in no off-target activity and/or can be delivered in a single-gene construct with high efficiency to meet the selected technical challenge; and 2) a Phase II transition plan for demonstrating sufficient reproducibility of the gene editor, advanced development to demonstrate a multiplex capability, and potential research advancement to merit commercialization. The Phase II transition plan will include a description of the commercialization path, any barriers to market entry, and any identified early adoption partners.

PHASE II: Finalize and validate the genome editing tools and experimental approaches from Phase I and initiate the development and production of the technology to address the selected technical challenge. Progress from in vitro (i.e., cell-culture) demonstration to whole-organism in vivo proof-of-concept demonstration for the selected challenge.

Establish appropriate performance parameters through experimentation to determine the efficaciousness, robustness, and fidelity of the approach being pursued. Develop, demonstrate, and validate the reagents and protocols necessary to meet the key metrics as defined for the selected technical challenge. Phase II deliverables include a prototype set of reagents, a detailed technical protocol sufficient to allow replication of results in an outside laboratory, and valid test data, appropriate for a commercial production path.

PHASE III DUAL USE APPLICATIONS: Next-generation genome editing tools will provide a multifunctional platform capability for the DoD to address emerging and engineered biothreats to animals, people, and agriculture, create new sensors to detect chem/biothreats, and rapidly develop new agricultural and preclinical animal models for countermeasure development and validation. The successful development of these next-generation genome editing capabilities has a significant potential for translation into commercial biotech and pharmaceutical applications where new platforms to create new pipeline molecules, facilitate bioproduction, and create validation assays with great speed and at low cost are required. Next-generation genome editors will advance investigation in agriculture to increase crop yields and protect against climate and pest threats. Ultimately, the ability to edit genomic targets within a host cell in the absence of off-target effects will be transformative for the development of clinical applications and the application of these tolls in open systems and environments for a broad range of applications.

REFERENCES:

• Doudna JA, Charpentier E. The new frontier of genome engineering with CRISPR-Cas9. Science. 2014; 346:1258096.
• Ledford, H. CRISPR, the disruptor. Nature. 2015; 522: 20-2.
• Zhang, X-H et al. Off-target Effects in CRISPR/Cas9-mediated Genome Engineering. Molecular Therapy Nucleic Acids. 2015; 4: e264.
• Kleinstiver, BP et al. High-fidelity CRISPR-Cas9 nucleases with no detectable genome-wide off-target effects. Nature. 2016; 529: 490 – 495.
• Slaymaker, IM et al., Rationally Engineered Cas9 Nucleases with Improved Specificity. Science. 2016; 351: 84-88.

KEYWORDS: gene editing, genome engineering, CRISPR, multiplex, nuclease

 

PROPOSALS ACCEPTED: Phase I and DP2. Please see the 16.3 DoD Program Solicitation and the DARPA 16.3 Direct to Phase II Instructions for DP2 requirements and proposal instructions.

TECHNOLOGY AREA(S): Materials/Processes

OBJECTIVE: Develop a real-time system for active feedback control and process characterization of multi-material additive manufacturing.

DESCRIPTION: Current 3-D printing systems can be used for a variety of applications and on-going research is allowing for more complex products with different material properties and uses. With this expansion from single- material to multi-material printing provided by several on-going DARPA programs, there is a need within industry and the DoD for a real-time metrology system and inspection platform. This could significantly increase the quality of printed parts and reduce the risk of critical print defects.

Most current methods rely on scanning the printed product upon completion of printing rather than scanning in real- time. Systems monitoring printing processes while printing currently exist but are often limited to one material.

Increasing the number of materials poses several unique metrology requirements. The materials have different optical properties which can make it difficult to scan large areas rapidly while maintaining high resolution. While scanning, the data generated from the platform should also be used in characterization of the process and feedback control of the system. The feedback control should serve to ensure fidelity in the print geometry, guarantee adequate interfaces between adjacent materials, and be able to adapt to different classes of materials for additive manufacturing.

The software package associated with the hardware should enable scan data to be processed efficiently in or near real-time. The feedback method should be robust to the printing process used and be applicable to different printer systems.

A successful platform will address these requirements in an integrated hardware and software package that can be efficiently embedded into a new or currently existing additive manufacturing system.

PHASE I: Design an in-situ metrology system for geometry monitoring and closed feedback of additive manufacturing processes for multi-material printing. Determine key requirements and establish performance metrics for evaluation. Define an embedded, data-parallel software processing pipeline and architecture that satisfies the process requirements. Investigate and define candidate feedback control strategies. Implement a basic prototype system that demonstrates operating principles and fundamental performance capabilities.

Required Phase I deliverables will include a final report detailing the design of the system, requirements, software pipeline, and results of the investigation of the candidate feedback control strategies.

PHASE II: Finalize the design of Phase I and complete fabrication of the geometry scanning system. Evaluate the performance of the stand-alone system and compare it to process requirements. Integrate the metrology scanning system with a specific additive manufacturing system. Implement the software processing pipeline established in Phase I and demonstrate operating performance. Implement and validate adaptive feedback strategies. Demonstrate and compare the performance of candidate adaptive feedback strategies and establish key tradeoffs and use cases for each strategy. Validate adaptive feedback strategies with multi-material printed part examples. Evaluate quality and robustness of interfaces between different materials. Evaluate improvements in geometric accuracy including surface finish properties. Design and evaluate data-logging system for gathering information/statistics of a print. Design and evaluate basic analytics tools.

Required Phase II deliverables will include a final report and a demonstration of system.

PHASE III DUAL USE APPLICATIONS: The end goal of this effort is to provide real-time metrology for 3-D printing systems already in place within the industry or DoD or systems developed by the small business. The DoD will directly benefit from the real- time scanning of printed materials made possible by the development of a platform capable of handling multi- material printing. Develop a rich set of new materials that are enabled by the closed-loop control process to establish material interfaces that are enabled. Improve the system’s throughput and robustness to meet the needs of DoD or commercial end-user.

REFERENCES:

• Pitchaya Sitthi-Amorn, Javier E. Ramos, Yuwang Wang, Joyce Kwan, Justin Lan, Wenshou Wang, and Wojciech Matusik. 2015. MultiFab: a machine vision assisted platform for multi-material 3D printing. ACM Trans. Graph. 34, 4, Article 129 (July 2015), 11 pages. DOI=http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2766962.
• Interlayer Real-time Imaging & Sensing System (IRISS), Sciaky, Inc., http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/sciaky-inc-introduces-iriss-closed-loop-control-for-its-industry-leading-ebam-metal-3d-printing-systems-300221363.html

KEYWORDS: additive manufacturing, process characterization, automated inspection, rapid prototyping, metrology, quality assurance

 

PROPOSALS ACCEPTED: Phase I and DP2. Please see the 16.3 DoD Program Solicitation and the DARPA 16.3 Direct to Phase II Instructions for DP2 requirements and proposal instructions.

TECHNOLOGY AREA(S): Information Systems, Materials/Processes

OBJECTIVE: Develop and test one or more techniques to detect whether an additively manufactured part has been tampered with, or deviates from its specification thereby jeopardizing its integrity, ideally without requiring extensive destructive or non-destructive inspection. The secondary objective is to prevent stealing of a part description.

DESCRIPTION: There is a critical DoD need to develop techniques that will mitigate vulnerabilities in the additive manufacturing chain. Additive manufacturing encompasses several methods to build parts by depositing and fusing small amounts of material at a time. Additive manufacturing has the potential to democratize manufacturing because of its low cost of entry and ease of sharing files that contain full part descriptions. However, these features also make it uniquely susceptible to malicious tampering.

Several additive manufacturing technologies are rapidly improving to a point where soon it will be feasible to make mission critical parts. A mission critical part is one where failure of the part may lead to material losses, injury or loss of life. It is therefore important when a validated part description is manufactured that the results can be trusted and appropriate assurances made that all the process validation requirements are met. This becomes of paramount importance and particularly challenging when manufacturing is outsourced.

The current manufacturing workflow consists of multiple actors:

1. The authoring tool which created the specification of the object to be made
2. The transmission medium to communicate the specification to the machine tool controller
3. The machine tool post processor which converts the part specification into actions to build the part
4. The machine tool controller and hardware (lasers, stepper motors, etc.)
5. The material

Currently, there is little assurance that part specifications will be adequately protected from intentional or unintentional changes after they leave the authoring tool, nor are there any assurances that the required manufacturing processes or materials were used. Resulting deviations in manufactured artifacts can be difficult, if not impossible, to detect without extensive inspection or destructive testing. Some of these vulnerabilities are described in the National Institute of Standards and Technology report NIST.IR.8041, available here: http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/ir/2015/NIST.IR.8041.pdf.

The intent of this topic is to identify all vulnerabilities in the additive manufacturing workflow, then propose and prototype solutions to one or more of the following (but not limited to):

• Tamper proof description and transmission of specification
• Embedded validation of the machine tool specification
• Enable easy detection of tampering in the final artifact, embedding provenance
• Embedding material signatures

Proposers are encouraged to leverage solutions from other domains such as: encryption, digital watermarking, digital rights management and techniques inspired from detecting computer viruses.

It is expected that the outcome of this investigation will disrupt multiple aspects of the current additive manufacturing workflow, including but not limited to: part description, process description, embedded validation, changes to machine tool controller software and hardware.

PHASE I: Identify all the weaknesses in the entire additive manufacturing chain, and estimate the level of effort required to mitigate the vulnerabilities. The Phase I final report will include a Phase II work plan to address the most critical vulnerabilities identified.

PHASE II: Test and prototype strategies to counteract vulnerabilities identified in Phase I. Organize one or more hack-a-thons to test approaches. The Phase II final report will contain the results and description of the best in class approaches to counteract vulnerabilities.

PHASE III DUAL USE APPLICATIONS: Additive manufacturing is eminently poised to replace large portions of the DoD supply chain, unfortunately along with the many advantages afforded by this come significant and new vulnerabilities. Technologies developed and tested under this effort will be available for transition to the service labs, depots, and suppliers providing increased National security. Commercial applications include software and hardware products that enable secure production and provenance validation of a 3D printed product.

REFERENCES:

• Paulsen, Celia. "Direct Digital Manufacturing (DDM) Symposium." (2015).
• Chhetri, Sujit Rokka, Arquimedes Canedo, and Mohammad Abdullah Al Faruque. "Poster: Exploiting Acoustic Side-Channel for Attack on Additive Manufacturing Systems." (2016).
• Sturm, L., Williams, C. B., Camelio, J. A., White, J., & Parker, R. "Cyber-physical vunerabilities in additive manufacturing systems." Context 7 (2014): 8.
• Department of Defense Small Business Innovation Research (SBIR), “Security in Cyber-Physical Networked Systems” Retrieved April 19, 2016, from https://www.sbir.gov/sbirsearch/detail/697260

KEYWORDS: Additive Manufacturing; 3D Printing; Direct Digital Manufacturing; Cyber Physical Systems; Cybersecurity; Industrial Control Systems; Information Security

 

PROPOSALS ACCEPTED: Phase I ONLY.

TECHNOLOGY AREA(S): Information Systems

OBJECTIVE: Develop algorithms and systems capable of authenticating audio in real time to combat the emerging threat that takes advantage of minimal security in telephony systems and perceived trust in the caller to obtain sensitive, high value personal, financial, and proprietary data.

DESCRIPTION: There is a critical DoD need to develop authentication techniques that will restore trust in voice communication systems, especially between DoD and non-DoD entities. Voice Phishing or “Vishing” is the use of social engineering techniques to trick users of telephone systems to reveal private information. This attack takes advantage of minimal security in telephony systems and perceived trust in the caller to obtain sensitive, high value personal, financial, and proprietary data. Even though this attack has existed for decades, it is growing and a recent estimate puts the cost to businesses and consumers at billions of dollars [1]. Efforts to educate employees and consumers (including the elderly) have had limited success as attackers use increasingly sophisticated techniques such as phone number spoofing, voice masking, and targeted personal messages.

To counter this growing threat, this topic seeks to develop technology for accurate, automated real-time audio authentication. Current research [2] has focused on human driven authentication in both analog and digital audio recordings collected as legal evidence and has not directly addressed this growing security threat. Proposers to this topic should describe how their final product will generalize to common audio attacks including, but not limited to impersonators, spliced audio, pre-recordings, and disguised or synthesized audio. Proposed techniques should also be robust to varying microphones, environmental conditions, compression, sampling rates found in a range of devices such as mobile phones, headsets, and newer voice over IP hardware. Proposed approaches may use metadata, but are expected to include audio content analysis as at least part of their solution. Techniques should work in general settings, but can take advantage of past data such as history from previous callers when available.

PHASE I: Develop innovative approaches for audio authentication in real-time settings. Successfully demonstrate one of the approaches as a proof of concept on a limited dataset. The required Phase I deliverable is a final report documenting the technical approach, evaluation effort and quantitative results.

PHASE II: Build upon approaches developed during Phase I and test on an expanded evaluation dataset. Develop a smart phone application that demonstrates real-time audio authentication. The Phase II deliverable will include a final report documenting the technical approach, evaluation effort and quantitative results.

PHASE III DUAL USE APPLICATIONS: Military entities often interact extensively with both local and foreign subjects at a variety of levels. The ability to provide real-time verification of these subjects, especially for informal communications, is essential to establishing trust in the information being communicated. One concept of operations may be to enroll subject from known audio or from a very small number of verified segments and use the resulting models to verify authenticity or look for inconsistencies in future communications. Extensive commercial opportunity also exists for real-time audio authentication to protect existing telecommunication systems including the government, healthcare, banking, retail, and home consumer markets. For example, this could be accomplished by making the technology available for end- users such as employees and consumers in mobile app stores.

REFERENCES:

• Communications Fraud Control Association. "Global Fraud Loss Survey." Press Release, Roseland, NJ (CFCA) October 10, 2013.
• Gupta, Swati, Seongho Cho, and C-C. Jay Kuo. "Current developments and future trends in audio authentication." MultiMedia, IEEE 19.1 (2012): 50-59.

KEYWORDS: Audio, Authentication, Phishing, Forensics, Voice, Multimedia, Telephone, Telecommunications

 

 

PROPOSALS ACCEPTED: Phase I and DP2. Please see the 16.3 DoD Program Solicitation and the DARPA 16.3 Direct to Phase II Instructions for DP2 requirements and proposal instructions.

TECHNOLOGY AREA(S): Human Systems, Information Systems

OBJECTIVE: Develop machine learning techniques capable of both learning to match resources to needs and explaining the rationale for those matches to human decision makers.

DESCRIPTION: There is a critical DoD need for new machine learning and human-computer interaction techniques to produce more explainable resource allocation and recommendation systems. Dramatic success in machine learning has led to an explosion of AI applications, including recommendation systems that can learn subtle matches between resources and needs. However current machine learning models are opaque and inherently difficult for end-users to understand.

Attempts to explain current machine learning models have been limited to methods that try to portray a set of complex and often highly-dimensional features used in the system’s computation. Such explanations are often too detailed, at the wrong level of abstraction, and make little sense to common users trying to understand why a system acted the way it did. It is vital to develop more explainable techniques. Current sophisticated machine learning techniques are capable of finding useful matches, such as those between veteran skill sets and commercial jobs, but these techniques need to be enhanced to explain non-obvious matches to both parties.

For example, it would be possible to apply current machine learning techniques to learn meaningful but non-obvious matches between veterans’ skills and commercial job requirements that would result in successful employment. Yet current techniques would not be able to explain the rationale for these non-obvious matches to prospective employers or veterans. Current sophisticated machine learning techniques are capable of finding useful job matches such as these, but these techniques need to be enhanced to explain these non-obvious matches to both parties.

There are numerous services that assist veterans in the transition to civilian life and in the search for jobs; yet adapting military skill sets for civilian posts as well as the veteran employment referral process are lagging. Automation can automatically learn and update these matches to ensure veterans remain competitive candidates in this rapidly changing job market. Furthermore, new job and skill categories often arise in the civilian job market, where there is no direct military parallel for these posts. For example, “data science”, for which no direct translation may exist, but which may be already part of the service in many military units. By leveraging existing mappings of military codes to occupations and data publicly available from online source (e.g. job boards), it may be possible to learn a better and more fine-grained mapping that is explainable to veterans and employers. In contrast to current practice, the resulting mapping as well as the explanations could be constructed automatically and dynamically from data.

This topic seeks the development and application of new machine learning and human-computer interaction techniques to produce more explainable resource allocation and recommendation systems. This can include developing techniques to learn richer models and more fine-grained mappings that are more interpretable. Additionally, the development of explanation principles, feature summarization schemes, interface metaphors, visualization and explanation generation techniques can be utilized to present a comprehensible explanation to the user.

Proposers should describe their approach for designing and developing new machine learning and human-computer interaction techniques to produce more explainable resource allocation and recommendation systems. They should also select a resource allocation problem domain, such as matching veterans’ skills to commercial job requirements, and propose the development of a system to address that problem.

PHASE I: Develop a plan for creating machine learning tools and techniques that can both learn subtle resource allocation recommendations and generate appropriate explanations for different contexts. Required Phase I deliverable includes a final report that details the proposed techniques, a short analysis of the online data sources and a description of how the online data will be used, and a determination of the feasibility of the generation of mappings and explanations.

PHASE II: Demonstrate that the techniques from Phase I can be practically and effectively applied to a domain, such as veteran transition and job search, including the generation of appropriate explanations. Required Phase II deliverables include all documentation and software for the techniques and a proof-of-concept demonstration of the techniques on website that beta users can access.

PHASE III DUAL USE APPLICATIONS: The successful development of this technology will provide a solution for a variety of resource allocation problems, such as helping veterans to transition easier in the civilian job market and for employers to recruit great talent among veterans much faster and easier. The automatic generation of explanations for matches is key and could be integrated into existing veteran websites. This tool could be used for a variety of military resource allocation problems such as supply management or personnel assignments. This tool could also be used for a variety of commercial resource allocation problems such as product recommendations or employment search.

REFERENCES:

• http://www.benefits.va.gov/vocrehab/
• http://www.military.com/veteran-jobs/skills-translator/
• https://www.military1.com/army-enlistment/318806-army-mos-codes
• http://www.bls.gov/soc/home.htm

KEYWORDS: resource allocation, recommendation systems, skill set matching, generate explanations, online data analytics, machine learning

 

PROPOSALS ACCEPTED: Phase I and DP2. Please see the 16.3 DoD Program Solicitation and the DARPA 16.3 Direct to Phase II Instructions for DP2 requirements and proposal instructions.

TECHNOLOGY AREA(S): Information Systems

OBJECTIVE: Develop and demonstrate technologies to enable measuring and explaining the success of deterrent strategies and tactics in “Gray Zone” conflicts.

DESCRIPTION: Deterrence is a strategy intended to dissuade an adversary from undesirable action. Our nation is entering a period where adversary action and our response to those actions will frequently take place in a segment of the conflict continuum that some are calling the “Gray Zone,” characterized by intense political, economic, informational, and military competition more fervent in nature than normal steady-state diplomacy, yet short of conventional war. A core impediment to studying deterrence in this realm lies in the fact that success is defined by the absence of an adversarial action. Success is difficult to demonstrate because absence of actions could result from alternative variables not always attributable to the deterrent strategy itself. To confound observation further, the presence and absence of conflict is no longer black and white. There exists a continuum of action between war and peace comprised of (but not limited to) propaganda distribution, unconventional warfare, cyber harassment, covert operatives, diplomatic aggression, economic warfare, terrorism, and proxy forces. Adversarial actors often tune strategies to weaken their opponent, or cause them to spend political or economic capital, without triggering a repercussion threshold, further complicating assessment of a deterrent counter strategy.

This topic seeks new technologies that can measure and explain the effectiveness of deterrent strategies in the Gray Zone leveraging open source data. To assess the success of a deterrent, it is necessary to establish evidence that the deterrent effect was achieved, and that the deterrent action taken was a primary cause of the achieved effect. The first requires identifying evidence of a change in intentions on the part of the adversary, and the second requires identifying and assessing alternative explanations for that change in intent. Both require advances over the state of the art in ability to model threat intentions and to explain observations based on data, and require a systematic perspective that examines the complex set of conditions, actors, tactics, strategies, and outcomes across conflict holistically.

PHASE I: Create a notional framework that captures and incorporates the significant factors associated with deterrence in the “Gray Zone.” The goal is to provide a notional framework with a practical number of significant entities, conflict/competition types, and deterrent strategies to allow a commander or analyst to understand the system and what affects change and how. Basic capability must be demonstrated to build a portion of the proposed framework in software demonstrating the ability to measure effects of selected deterrent strategies in a relevant scenario. Define metrics and thresholds for successful assessment and demonstrate ability to measure those metrics. Phase I deliverables will include a demonstration to the government; a report documenting research results, the design for the deterrence framework, and results of testing against the identified scenario; and source code developed under the Phase I effort.

PHASE II: Leveraging the framework derived in Phase I, complete the system design and build a prototype that further enhances and develops the capabilities in Phase I to a level of capability that can be assessed for operational utility. The prototype should demonstrate successful performance against the metrics defined in Phase I using scenarios and data sets identified in conjunction with an operational partner such as a combatant command. Conduct testing in conjunction with the partner to assess utility of the prototype capability. Phase II deliverables will include demonstrations to the government in each year of the Phase II program; and an interim report each year but the final year documenting research results, the design of the demonstration prototype, and results of testing against relevant scenarios; a final report at the end of Phase II documenting research results, the design of the demonstration prototype, results of testing against relevant scenarios, and a plan for Phase III transition; and source code for each demonstration prototype.

PHASE III DUAL USE APPLICATIONS: The envisioned end state of the research is a capability that can provide a robust capability for operational (combatant command) users to assess and understand the effectiveness of deterrent strategies against adversaries in “Gray Zone” conflict situations. This capability should be able to be deployed to a combatant command in conjunction with, or integrated as part of, a suite of command and control applications in use by an operational command. Specifically, this research should result in a commercializable technology for assessing and explaining adversary intentions and actions from open source data. This technology should find dual-use applicability to strategic business decision-making applications in highly competitive industries such as information technology.

REFERENCES:

• Huth, P. K. (1999), "Deterrence and International Conflict: Empirical Findings and Theoretical Debate", Annual Review of Political Science 2, pp. 25–48
• Jentleson, B.A.; Whytock, C.A. (2005), "Who Won Libya", International Security, 30, Number 3, Winter 2005/06, pp. 47–86
• Paul, Christopher (2016), “Confessions of a Hybrid Warfare Skeptic.” Small Wars Journal (March): http://smallwarsjournal.com/jrnl/art/confessions-of-a-hybrid-warfare-skeptic
• Schelling, T. C. (1966), "2", The Diplomacy of Violence, New Haven: Yale University Press, pp. 1–34
• United States Special Operations Command. "The Gray Zone." U.S. Army Special Operations Center of Excellence. 2015-03-24: http://www.soc.mil/swcs/ProjectGray/Gray%20Zones%20-%20USSOCOM%20White%20Paper%209%20Sep%202015.pdf

KEYWORDS: Gray Zone, Conflict, Deterrent, Explanation, Open Source, Threat Intent, Modeling

 

 

PROPOSALS ACCEPTED: Phase I and DP2. Please see the 16.3 DoD Program Solicitation and the DARPA 16.3 Direct to Phase II Instructions for DP2 requirements and proposal instructions.

TECHNOLOGY AREA(S): Electronics, Materials/Processes

OBJECTIVE: Produce primary cell batteries or alternative power sources whose voltages can be fine-tuned by adjusting the voltaic chemistry and / or structure of the cells and that can directly output stable voltages in the 0.3 to 0.7 V range without the use of power hungry electronic voltage regulators.

DESCRIPTION: There is a critical DoD need to develop power sources that will increase the mission lifetime for unattended sensors and sensor radio networks. Commercially available small batteries and power sources are limited to output voltages greater than 1.2V and require external components such as regulators to produce stable supply voltages less than 1V. Recent advances in deep subthreshold analog and digital electronics are creating classes of intelligent electronics capable of achieving power consumption levels as low as 10 nW (1). These subthreshold circuits require power supply voltages typically in the range of 0.3 to 0.7 V. While subthreshold circuits can now achieve extremely low power, the regulators needed to produce the 0.3 to 0.7 V level supply voltages from typical battery voltages in excess of 1.2V can easily dominate the total power consumption. In order to take advantage of these recent advances in extremely low power subthreshold circuits to greatly extend the lifetime of electronic systems, new battery or small scale power source technologies are needed that are capable of directly producing stable and tailorable voltage levels in the 0.3 – 0.7 V range.

This topic seeks primary batteries or other power sources that can directly produce stable output voltages between 0.3 and 0.7 V over the lifetime, operating temperature range and specified output current range of the power source. Solutions where the battery or power source voltage can be tailored in the range of 0.3 to 0.7 V, for example by stacking lower voltage cells, are highly desired. In addition to the desired voltage properties, the power source must also have a coin cell like form factor, a self-discharge rate of less than 1% per year at room temperature, be stable over an output current range from 0 to 1 µA and have a capacity greater than 80 mAH. Proposer defined metrics that should be justified in the context of the deep subthreshold electronics use case include temperature dependence, internal resistance and discharge curves. All proposed battery or power source chemistries must not contain toxic materials considered detrimental to the environment, and preferably make use of renewable materials.

PHASE I: Design, analyze and develop a plan for constructing a prototype battery or power source with a predicted performance of:

1. Output voltage(s) [V] = 0.3 – 0.7 V
2. Maximum voltage variation over temperature and current [%] = 5
3. Minimum output current range [nA] = 0 – 1000
4. Maximum self-discharge rate at room temperature [%] = 1
5. Maximum size [mm^3] = 500
6. Minimum capacity [mAH] = 80
7. Minimum temperature range [?C] = -10 to 50
8. Self-discharge rate over temperature [%] = proposer defined
9. Internal resistance [O] = proposer defined
10. Discharge curves [V vs. mAh] = proposer defined
11. Battery or power source chemistry = proposer defined

Required Phase I deliverables will include:

1. A report detailing the battery or power source chemistry, design and expected performance.

PHASE II: Use Phase I analysis to produce and measure at least two prototype batteries or power sources demonstrating the Phase I government and performer defined specifications:

Required Phase II deliverables include:

1. Report containing design, simulation, manufacturing files and test results from 2 packaged batteries or power sources.
2. Delivery of 2 packaged batteries or power sources to the government.
3. A datasheet containing all the information needed for the government to characterize the power source or use the power source in an application.

PHASE III DUAL USE APPLICATIONS: The power sources developed could address the DoD need to increase the mission lifetime for unattended sensors and sensor radio networks, as well as address commercial uses, such as in the powering of devices operating within "Internet of Things" ecosystems.

REFERENCES:

• http://www.darpa.mil/news-events/2015-04-13

KEYWORDS: electric battery, lifetime, coin-cell

 

 

PROPOSALS ACCEPTED: Phase I and DP2. Please see the 16.3 DoD Program Solicitation and the DARPA 16.3 Direct to Phase II Instructions for DP2 requirements and proposal instructions.

TECHNOLOGY AREA(S): Battlespace, Information Systems

The technology within this topic is restricted under the International Traffic in Arms Regulation (ITAR), which controls the export and import of defense-related material and services. Offerors must disclose any proposed use of foreign nationals, their country of origin, and what tasks each would accomplish in the statement of work in accordance with section 5.4.c.(8) of the solicitation.

OBJECTIVE: Develop and demonstrate innovative method to increase the reliability, range, and expanse of acoustic undersea communications throughout large ocean basins.

DESCRIPTION: There is a critical DoD need to increase the reliability, range and expanse of acoustic undersea communications with manned and unmanned platforms and distributed sensing systems. The highly variable nature of the ocean environment results in complex propagation paths for acoustic signals. This variability severely impacts the reliability of communications such that undersea communication networks are limited to relatively short spacing distances on the order of 100’s to a few thousands of meters so that reliable links are maintained. Spacing on these scales results in extremely large numbers of communication nodes and is impractical for providing pervasive communications throughout large ocean basins.

Knowledge of the undersea acoustic propagation environment can be exploited to identify optimal positioning locations of mobile nodes to greatly improve propagation ranges and minimize the number of relay nodes. What is desired are operational concepts and algorithms that are able to employ mobile communication nodes that sample the environment, create a shared propagation model, determine optimal positioning, and re-position themselves to provide reliable communications throughout the environment with minimal nodes.

PHASE I: Conceive a notional operational concept that identifies a system of mobile acoustic communication nodes that collectively can measure the environment and create a pervasive undersea communication network throughout a large ocean basin. Using representative large ocean basin environments, model acoustic communication propagation between mobile nodes and develop dynamic algorithm that determines node positioning to provide pervasive communications throughout the volume while minimizing the number of nodes. Simulate message transport between nodes throughout the volume. Deliverables should include final report describing the concept and detailing acoustic modelling and node positioning optimization algorithm results.

PHASE II: Characterize ocean testing environment, implement algorithms and integrate acoustic modems into limited number of mobile undersea nodes, and demonstrate the communication network over appropriate scale lengths to validate the concept. Deliverables will include final report detailing the measurements and communication results along with plan for scaling concept to provide communications throughout large ocean basins.

PHASE III DUAL USE APPLICATIONS: Commercial: Undersea communications to support research, mining, and infrastructure monitoring and development. DoD: Undersea communications with manned and unmanned platforms and distributed sensing systems.

REFERENCES:

• Heidemann, J.; Stojanovic, M; Zorzi, M; “Underwater Sensor Networks: applications, advances, and Challenges” Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A (2022) 370 pp 158-175
• Lurton, Xavier; An Introduction to Underwater Acoustics Principles and Applications; Springer-Praxis Books in Geophysical Sciences 2004

KEYWORDS: Communications, undersea, acoustics, modems, networking, constellation, unmanned undersea vehicles, modelling, sensing

 

 

PROPOSALS ACCEPTED: Phase I and DP2. Please see the 16.3 DoD Program Solicitation and the DARPA 16.3 Direct to Phase II Instructions for DP2 requirements and proposal instructions.

TECHNOLOGY AREA(S): Space Platforms

OBJECTIVE: Design, prototype, and demonstrate in a ground-based experiment, the Evolved Expendable Launch Vehicle (EELV) Secondary Payload Adapter (ESPA), which may be physically deconstructed to realize a phased array antenna built directly onto an adjoined microsatellite secondary payload.

DESCRIPTION: There is a critical Defense Department (DoD) need for innovative approaches to reduce the cost to deliver payloads to orbit. Many of the communications and imaging microsatellites at the vanguard of the New Space revolution hitch a ride to low Earth orbit (LEO) aboard launch vehicles carrying larger, primary satellite payloads. In a typical launch vehicle payload assembly, the primary satellite is stacked atop an ESPA ring, an aluminum ring similar in appearance to a section of pipe. A common ESPA ring has a bolt circle diameter of 1.58 m, with a height of 0.6 m. Up to six circular ports with flanges are arranged about the circumference of the ring that serve as the attachment points for microsatellite secondary payloads. Each secondary payload port has a 0.38-m bolt circle diameter.

Recently, space launch service providers have created discrete satellites with the ESPA structure. Some include propulsion subsystems to realize a so-called “space tug” that is useful in transporting secondary payloads to their planned orbits. In the future, these ESPA space tugs may include robotic arms and similar mechanisms to expand their on-orbit assembly and servicing capabilities. Aside from providing rigid support for the primary and secondary payloads and space tug subassemblies during launch, the bulk of the ESPA ring structure serves little mission-related purpose once the payloads are deployed.

In today’s space systems where every kilogram launched to LEO costs tens of thousands of dollars, significant value may be realized by an ESPA that is engineered to be truly multifunctional. New technology could generate greater revenue from a smarter, multifunctional ESPA. This SBIR topic seeks new innovation to realize a multifunctional ESPA consisting of subelements that would provide structural support to two or more secondary payloads during launch and, upon arrival in LEO, would be at least 90 percent deconstructed and reconfigured by a service apparatus included in the ESPA space tug. In this case, the deconstructed ESPA subelements are intended for reassembly directly onto one of the secondary payloads as functional elements of a large-aperture radio frequency (RF) phased array antenna.

The post-launch deconstruction of the ESPA and subsequent reassembly into the new phased array configuration would have be accomplished within a mission-compatible time period not to exceed 90 minutes. As stated previously, the service apparatus would be assumed to exist in the ESPA space tug service vehicle that flies with the launch vehicle. The service vehicle would store and/or generate some or all of the energy required to accomplish the change in system configuration (from ESPA support structure to phased array antenna), not to exceed 600 MJ. The total mass of the multifunctional ESPA ring could not exceed that of the basic ESPA described above (approximately 105 kg). Note this mass refers to the ring structure itself and not the service vehicle’s internal systems. The resulting phased array antenna would have to be capable of closing a Ka-band link from an altitude of 1,000 km to a terrestrial 0.5-m very small aperture terminal (VSAT) receiver with minimum 3 dB link margin. Nominal atmospheric attenuation is assumed in a non-interference environment.

PHASE I: Perform computational analysis and trade studies leading to a top-level, preliminary design of the multifunctional ESPA ring. The preliminary design should include a system concept of operations (CONOPS) that describes the sequence of converting from multifunctional ESPA ring to phased array antenna with a rough order-of-magnitude estimate of cycle time and energy. In addition, analysis must quantify the expected phased array antenna performance in terms of a link budget. Phase I would culminate in a preliminary design review (PDR).

PHASE II: Refine the preliminary system design to create a detailed design of the multifunctional ESPA system and mission CONOPS. The detailed design would include subsystem- and component-level definitions with updated mass, energy, and link budgets leading to a critical design review (CDR) and limited prototyping and functional testing of key subsystems and components.

PHASE III DUAL USE APPLICATIONS: Commercial Application: The prime user of the technology would likely be launch service original equipment manufacturers (OEMs) such as CSA-Moog, the maker of the ESPA. These companies continuously strive to add more functionality and capability to these products, as evidenced by the advent of the SHERPA ring, which has control and propulsion capabilities. The so-called “killer app” would be one in which a commercial LEO communications or imaging microsatellite would be augmented after launch with the deconstructed ESPA ring elements/building blocks to form a large, high-performance phased array antenna, larger than any deployable array that could be accommodated within the microsatellite.

DoD/Military Application: By using launch vehicle payload mass more efficiently, the multifunctional ESPA system could yield greater RF performance (and hence greater revenue or return on investment (ROI)) per kilogram for microsatellite secondary payloads. Greater RF performance would enable new data products for the warfighter, including delivery of overhead imagery and near real-time video, all for lower capital investment in a microsatellite secondary payload. Lastly, it would also open an avenue for a broader on-orbit service economy that creates commerce on Earth.

REFERENCES:

• Maly, J. R., and Shepard, J. T. ESPA as Base Vehicle for Servicing Missions, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center International Workshop on On-Orbit Satellite Servicing, Moog/CSA Engineering, Inc., 2010.
• Lo, A. S. et al. Secondary Payloads Using the LCROSS Architecture, American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2010.

KEYWORDS: Evolved Expendable Launch Vehicle Secondary Payload Adapter, EELV, ESPA, phased array antenna, in-space manufacturing, robotic assembly, satellite, space

PROPOSALS ACCEPTED: Phase I and DP2. Please see the 16.3 DoD Program Solicitation and the DARPA 16.3 Direct to Phase II Instructions for DP2 requirements and proposal instructions.

TECHNOLOGY AREA(S): Electronics, Ground/Sea Vehicles

OBJECTIVE: Develop the ability to rapidly compose task-oriented, task-performing platforms using a combination of modular mechanical elements (e.g., actuation, structural, energy), service-oriented software, digitally encapsulated electronics, and on-demand middleware, orchestrated through a compositional toolchain.

DESCRIPTION: There is a critical Defense Department (DoD) need to responsively field new military capabilities. Moving to a compositional model for task-oriented systems would allow designs that facilitate many rapid future adaptations, the nature of which do not have to be specified in advance. Compositional approaches to platforms would seek to create system capabilities by combining subsystems that are maximally homogenous and minimally stateful, while acknowledging limitations to approaching these extrema in cyber-physical systems. This approach would have great value in rapidly developing military-specific capabilities and also enabling rapid technical advances via re-use. A notional example of a task-oriented system could include a specialized robotic manipulation system.

The principal metric of goodness of a composable platform architecture is time to meet an unknown, previously unspecified need. This approach stands in contrast to standard multi-objective systems engineering approaches that focus on simultaneously satisfying or optimizing around multiple performance requirements. It is expected that a composable approach could produce instantiated systems faster than a conventional optimization-centric approach with manageable performance trades.

In an envisioned future, an engineer or non-expert user would be able to leverage hardware and software parts bins and—in the space of minutes, hours, or days—be able to produce a functional platform system to support a specific application. The user would be able to interact with available components and a compiler-like toolchain for the composition process.

Composable architectures have been used in pure software systems, with self-orchestrating services creating higher-level capabilities. Cyber-physical systems are often highly stateful and not cleanly encapsulated, with complex multi-physics interactions between components.

This topic seeks to explore the viability of the concept of composable architectures for task-oriented platforms and under this effort would apply the concept to ground robotic systems, which are expected to benefit from improved development timelines and be capable of tolerating some degree of performance overhead in support of improved service encapsulation.

This exploration is expected to encompass development of a foundational framework for a composable architecture, supporting toolchains, and initial toolbox elements. The effort is expected to conclude with a hardware-software demonstration constrained by time. If successful, the effort would lower the barrier for entry to robotics development. As a result, significant military and commercial spinoff opportunities are anticipated, and proposers are encouraged to consider such opportunities.

As a point-of-departure culminating in a Phase II demonstration concept, proposers should consider the following content: (1) Develop and demonstrate a highly mobile, Soldier-carried reconnaissance/engineering robot that would perform a mission set over 30-60 minutes and 100 meters in an urban training facility, roughly equivalent to a move- to-detect, move-to-contact, enter/clear-a-room scenario. In addition, with the same component hardware and compositional toolchain software set, compose (2) a mobile manipulation robot to do a subset of two to three maintenance/assembly tasks (for example, exchange radio batteries between radios and chargers, remove tire lug nuts, etc.). The system should not simply be a two-point design, but should be (3) extensible to unanticipated applications. In a notional culminating demo, (1) and (2) would be demonstrated within hours of each other.

PHASE I: Develop a foundational hardware library, software repository, and initial compositional toolchain that support concept demonstrations in a simulation environment. These elements could evolve in a spiral fashion across subsequent phases and follow-on activity. Analyze a trade space (scale, metrics, and tasks) for demonstrating multiple robotics applications, notionally including both a reconnaissance/engineering robot mission as well as a mobile manipulation maintenance/assembly mission. Identify and develop a preliminary digital library of versatile hardware elements as modules/components that have a degree of self-contained functionality (e.g., processing, actuation, information transfer) and common interfaces to facilitate plug-and-play construction for digitally composing and analyzing designs. Create an initial repository of service-oriented software that would provide access to critical execution functions such as mobility control, perception, path planning, mission functions, manipulation, and human interface elements. Develop a bus-based architectural and physical backbone to allow for more open-ended extensibility of electronics and physical components beyond simply the aforementioned components. Create an initial compositional toolchain (builder/compiler) and user interface to assist in composing elements to meet demonstration goals. The compositional toolchain would notionally include a goal-seeking builder, which would assist a human designer in achieving functional goals via available components, extensions via known interfaces, or creating on-demand middleware. The middleware components would assist in adapting non-conforming hardware and software into the compositional framework (translator elements that encapsulate behavior to drive towards lower statefulness). The compositional toolchain would also include a compiler, which would take results from the builder and develop specifications or possibly produce functional equivalents that are applied to an application. Demonstrate concepts in simulation, showing accomplishment of representative reconnaissance/engineering robot and maintenance/assembly robot missions based on determined trade space.

PHASE II: Conduct user demonstrations of developed composable kits toward objective functions and time constraints. Identify and develop an expanded and more complete digital library of versatile hardware elements as components that have fully self-contained functionality (e.g., processing, actuation, information transfer) and common interfaces to facilitate plug-and-play construction for digitally composing and analyzing designs based on the Phase I simulation demonstration results. Develop, test, and validate performance of the entire library of required hardware components. Finalize a complete repository of service-oriented software that would provide access to critical execution functions of subsystems and complete robots required of the demonstrations. Complete the compositional toolchain (builder/compiler) to allow composing elements to meet demonstration goals. As a first approach, allow compiling of varied functions (based on the demonstrations) by an expert user/researcher at developmental timescales (hours) and prove performance by limited testing. As a second approach, allow compiling by a non-expert user but robot-application expert (for example, a Soldier) to compile at demonstration timescales (minutes) and prove performance by limited testing. Perform final demonstrations with Soldier-equivalent users in a militarily relevant environment. Set up demonstrations that show the flexibility of the toolset to adapting to previously unknown applications.

PHASE III DUAL USE APPLICATIONS: Commercial – Ideally, at the end of a Phase II, a performer team would have products (software and/or hardware) that are directly viable for research community sale and use, which could spur follow-on developments in the research and commercial sectors and ultimately drive back toward military capabilities. Platform products, to specifically include robotic platforms, of composable design toolchains as well as flexible components would allow for affordable, marketable, and producible robotic subsystems for application to static and mobile robotic-based manufacturing, household robotics, healthcare robotics, logistics/material handling, unmanned systems, and construction robotics, to include robotics for use in hazardous environments. Design modularity would allow for module and toolchain products that could be purchased and implemented by end-users for custom applications at rapid assembly/programming paces versus developing robots, thus eliminating huge cost and time barriers. A successful development could fundamentally change the paradigm of robotics system development.

Military – Composable platforms, specifically robotics as demonstrated in this effort, would have direct application to the current mission space of small reconnaissance robots for infantry units, engineering robots, mobile manipulation, explosive ordnance, and remote/unmanned needs for robots in hazardous environments. The diversity of component composition would allow for multi-mode configurations for different mission sets with the same elements (for example, wheeled maneuver recomposed for walking maneuver, then recomposed for climbing maneuver, all with the same components), while the compositional toolchain would allow for rapid and non-expert user recoding of control schemes for immediate use in such different configurations. The result would be robots that are no longer custom for a specific use, and yet are highly optimizable for multiple missions using largely the same hardware and software.

REFERENCES:

• S. Neema, J. Scott, T. Bapty, CyPhyML Language in the META Toolchain, Institute for Software-Integrated Systems Technical Report ISIS-15-104, 2015
• H. Choset, K. M. Lynch, S. Hutchinson, G. Kantor, W. Burgard, L. E. Kavraki and S. Thrun, Principles of Robot Motion: Theory, Algorithms, and Implementations, MIT Press, Boston, 2005
• G. Simko, D. Lindecker, T. Levendovszky, S. Neema, J. Sztipanovits, Specification of Cyber-Physical Components with Formal Semantics – Integration and Composition, Model-Driven Engineering Languages and Systems, 16th International Conference, MODELS 2013, Miami, FL, USA, September 29 – October 4, 20
• S. Kalouche, D. Rollinson, and H. Choset, Modularity for Maximum Mobility and Manipulation: Control of a Reconfigurable Legged Robot with Series-Elastic Actuators, IEEE/Safety, Security, and Rescue Robotics 2015, October, 2015.
• P. Neumann, 'Principled Assuredly Trustworthy Composable Architectures' (Report), 2004.

KEYWORDS: Platforms, Robots, Components, Composable, Design, Systems Engineering, Adaptability