3D Printed heterogeneously integrated sensors embedded in Anatomical training models

Currently there are over 20 types of procedural simulation models available for surgical skill training. Despite the large number of simulators currently available, there is a definite need for low cost anatomical training models with integrated sensors capable of recording the location and pressure measurements of a user"s performance in training of surgical cuts, manipulation and suture. Ideally, the model will have pressure sensor arrays with large grids of tactels that detect normal forces, which are capable of measuring: exact anatomical location of the trainee"s manipulation within the tissue simulator, force exerted on the tissue, direction the force applied, cutting or tearing of tissue, approximation of tissue (location of cut or pressure),occlusion and the release of occlusion of tissue ,application of energy onto the tissue and measurement of"fluids"within the vasculature.